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During the industrial revolution, factory workers, owners and merchants created a class system. Believing that the class system was unfair, Karl Marx wrote his manifesto detailing the uprising of the proletariate (or lower, working class, mostly from industrial factories) therefore destroying the bourgeoise (upper middle class) and the class system altogether. Also, the main purpose of all members of a communist society is to work industrially for the good of all of the community- this explains why communism is meant to work best in an industrial society.
Karl Marx, wrote about this in Das Kapital and other writings such as the Communist Manifesto.
The Chinese focused on organizing peasants. The Soviets focused on organizing factory workers.
Marx and Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto where they outlined the aims of a communist state: the end of capitalist exploitation of the workers by the middle classes, the end of nationalism - as all workers share a similar culture and nationalism is a capitalist construct and the end of exploitation by the ruling class
It was mainly in order for Nicholas II to uphold his own ideology of how to run Russia IE Autocracy and the events of 'Bloody Sunday' set forth many protests and strikes in alarming numbers that made Nicholas II fearfull of a revolution, so he signed the october manifesto that was to appease the public and therefore maintain his rule.