Mesopotamia became part of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century as a result of the conquests of Suleiman the Magnificent.
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Long path through history: Mesopotamia (native Mesopotamian kingdoms of Sumer, Assyria, Babylon) -> part of the First Persian Empire -> part of the Alexander's Empire -> part of the Seleucid Kingdom -> part of the Parthian Kingdom -> part of the second Persian Empire -> part of Arab Caliphate -> part of Persian dominated Abbasid Caliphate -> part of Turkish sultanate -> part of Mongolian ruled Iran -> part of Ottoman Turkish Empire -> British colony -> Iraq.
No. The Ottoman Empire never expanded anywhere close to it.
Led by Mehmed II, Ottoman Turks captured the city in 1453. After that, it became part of the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire spanned much more than just the city of Bethlehem. Bethlehem was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from 1517 to the early 1900s.
north Africa