Australia has had road vehicle emission standards for new vehicles in place since the early 1970s and these have been progressively tightened over the past 45 years. Because of that, catalytic converters were found to provide an answer to the control of emissions and to provide compliance with the regulated emissions standards of the day. It appears there is no law that says a cat must be fitted but a passenger vehicle must however comply with the emissions requirements and cats can provide the answer. i.e. there could be something else that could do the job, once discovered.
Stoats are not native to Australia, but they have also not yet become established in Australia. At some stage in Australia's history, stoats were introduced as a method for controlling rabbits, but they did not become established.
Zip codes became mandatory in 1967. They were however created and put into use in 1963. Zip codes were needed as a way to help with better sorting mail.
We don't take any oath on Australia Day, only to-be citizens of Australia take an oath when they become Australian.
Australia has always been a free country and hopefully will always be one.
They were captured or Sentenced to Slavery
Most metal recyclers will take a catalytic converter, but be aware that Federal and State law enforcement is now requiring tracking information whenever someone tries to sell them. Stealing catalytic converters has become an industry for criminals and law enforcement has been watching closely.
The Oxygen (O2) sensors located in the catalytic converters help to keep the vehicle running cleaner. If an oxygen sensor goes bad, the vehicle might start to misfire occasionally. The catalytic converter can become plugged up if the oxygen sensor is not working properly. This could lead to the vehicle not running at all.
Whatever kind of catalytic converter (or even none at all) the car was originally manufactured with is grandfathered in and does not have to be replaced with better ones as the emissions rules become more restrictive.
Normally when catalytic converters become clogged and need replacing there is a reason for this. Something caused the converter to become clogged. Unless you fix the problem the new converter will just become clogged like the old one. If the check engine light is not on and the vehicle is running perfectly with the new converter then it will more than likely pass the smog test.
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before graduation
In which country?