They had to possess extreme confidence and mastery skills, because it was not easy to be a cowboy. Cowboys in the 19th century, and even today, had to be jacks of all trades. The skills required are far too numerous to list, but here are some examples. Cowboys needed to have basic woodworking skills in order to mend fences, buckboards and wagon wheels. They had to be able to work in extreme weather, hot and cold. They needed a basic knowledge of animal husbandry to care for their animals. The ability to treat minor, and sometimes not so minor, injuries was also an invaluable skill due to the paucity of doctors. A good memory was needed in order to travel and locate animals, navigating by landmarks, verbal instructions and hastily sketched maps. The work requires a high level of physical fitness. Contrary to popular belief, marksmanship skills were neither important nor widely held. Firearms are heavy, especially when traveling with most of your worldly possessions on a horse. Revolvers were most commonly used against varmints which, often as not, were as likely to run from the sound as be hit. Probably the most important of all cowboy skills was the ability to improvise and adapt. There was no written job description for cowboys, only ever-changing conditions and tasks.
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In the 1800's, a cowboys life was hard work, little pay, and little sleep. They would get up before dawn and work an 18-hour day. If it was his night to tend the herd, he would have to remain awake all night long. On the ranch, cowboys shared bunkhouses that were drafty and cold. Many cowboys died young from accidents, skirmishes with Indians, or disease.
They still do, there are many cowboys still working in many countries.
They were seeking work and adventure, and some wanted land.
In the mid 1800s to the early 1900s.
This is a very broad question. Cowboys basically originated in Mexico. For American history of cowboys I would start by checking with the Bill Cody museum site. It also depends on when in the 1800's that you are interested in. Since until the mid-point of the century most states west of Kansas were still in the midst of the Indian wars, ranches were not a wide-spread phenomena.
Like the 1800s :) haha the late 1800s..... I wanna say 1892 but uh, not positive