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The answer depends on who you believe were the Midnight Judges. Generally, President Adams was trying to ensure his Federalist Party maintained power in the US government after he was defeated by Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson in the 1800 Presidential election. The balance of power was shifting from the Federalists to the Anti-Federalists (Democratic-Republicans) in Congress, as well, so Adams used his appointment power to place as many Federalists as possible on the federal courts.

There were three significant appointments; only two were likely motivated by a desire to influence the US government.

  1. Adams nominated Chief Justice John Marshall to succeed the aging Oliver Ellsworth on January 20, 1801. Marshall's appointment as Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court was crucial to retaining control of the Court. Marshall was confirmed by the Senate on January 27, and sworn in on January 31 (he continued serving as Secretary of State until the end of Adams' term, however). Although appointed during the lame duck session of Congress, Marshall really shouldn't be seen as a Midnight Judge.
  2. Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 on February 13, 1801, ostensibly to spare the Supreme Court justices their Circuit Riding responsibilities by creating six Circuit Courts, realigning the districts, and allowing for the permanent appointment of sixteen new circuit judges, five new district judge, and a number of other legal positions. It also reduced the size of the Supreme Court from six to five (by attrition). Adams quickly began filling the bench exclusively with Federalist judges, whose lifetime appointment would ensure the maintenance of the party's policies (the incoming Congress foiled Adams' plan by passing the Repeal Act of 1802 and eliminating all the new judgeships). Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party referred to these men as Midnight Judges due to Adams' desperate eleventh-hour attempt to maintain control of the Judicial Branch of government.
  3. Congress passed another piece of last-minute legislation, the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801, incorporating Washington, DC and dividing the federal territory into two small cities, Georgetown, MD and Alexandria, VA. One provision of the Act allowed the sitting president to appoint an unspecified number of men to five-year terms as justices of the peace to serve the newly incorporated area. Adams nominated 42 justices of the peace for the territory of Washington, DC a few days before President Jefferson succeeded him in office. These were most likely created to reward political patrons, and had little to do with controlling the Judicial branch because 1) Justices of the Peace have very little judicial power; and 2) They are not officially members of the Judicial Branch. However, the nominations and appointments were made during the last two days of Adams' administration and became historically important via the Marbury v. Madison, (1803) case, so they are also commonly referred to as Midnight Judges.

For more information, see Related Questions, below.

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Q: What was John Adam's goal in appointing the Midnight Judges?
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Continue Learning about General History

Who warned who in the midnight ride?

Paul Revere warned John Hancock and Samuel Adams.


Who appointed the midnight judges?

The "Midnight Judges" were 42 Federalist justices of the peace President John Adams appointed immediately before his administration ended and Thomas Jefferson's began. They were appointed because Adams realized the Federalist party was losing power and control in government to the Democratic-Republicans (who also called themselves "anti-Federalists,").The Midnight Judges were symbolically important, but had little judicial power and only served five-year terms. They were appointed as a matter of patronage (a reward to a loyal political supporter) under the Organic Act of 1801 (for the District of Columbia), and were not part of the court-packing scheme devised under the Judiciary Act of 1801, that allowed Adams and the Federalist-dominated Congress to appoint a number of judges to Article III constitutional courts.Those judges represented a real problem for incoming President Jefferson, because they received lifetime appointments and would have had a political and ideological impact on the US government for decades to come. The Midnight Judges, on the other hand, posed no political threat, but Jefferson allegedly believed John Adams had appointed an excessive number and withheld some of their commissions. They may also have been an annoying reminder of Adams' clever court-packing scheme, but that's a different story.Several of the Midnight Judges whose commissions were withheld attempted to compel their delivery by filing suit in the US Supreme Court. These men played an important role in a landmark US Supreme Court case, Marbury v. Madison, (1803), and were ultimately of more historical importance than the higher federal judges.For more information about Marbury v. Madison and the midnight judges, see Related Questions, below.


Is the father of John Adams the 2ND president also named John Adams?

John Adams, Sr. was the name of the father of President John Adams. John Quincy Adams was John Adams' son.


Who led the Americans' negotiations with France?

Benjamin Franklin and John Adams


What were the names of John Adams' parents?

John Adams was the son of John Adams and Susanna Adams. A link can be found below.

Related questions

What were John Adams midnight appointments?

the midnight judges


What president appointed midnight judges?

John Adams


What group did John Adams appoint as a lame duck?

The midnight judges.


Why did outgoing President John Adams midnight judges?

because Adams realized the Federalist party was losing power and control in government to the Democratic-Republicans


What was the name given to the group of judges in the year 1800?

In the year 1800, the group of judges was referred to as the Judiciary Act of 1801 or the "Midnight Judges" because they were appointed by John Adams in the final hours of his presidency.


What happened that led John Adams to increase the judiciary before he left the office?

After losing to Jefferson by a narrow margin, Adams appointed "Midnight Judges" whom he thought would be best in staying out of political party affairs. Jefferson removed some of these men from office, but a few stayed for life.


Why did outgoing president John Create midnight judges?

because Adams realized the Federalist party was losing power and control in government to the Democratic-Republicans


Why was midnight judges important?

The Midnight Judges, appointed by President John Adams in the final hours of his presidency, were important because they helped shape the judiciary branch of the U.S. government. The appointments fueled the debate over the balance of power between the executive and judicial branches and had long-lasting implications for the interpretation of the Constitution. The controversy surrounding the Midnight Judges also led to the landmark Supreme Court case, Marbury v. Madison, which established the principle of judicial review.


What did john Adams do in his office?

Adams kept America from going to war with France and made the "midnight Appointments"


Did Paul warn Sam Adams and John Hancock on his midnight ride?

Yes.


This let president john Adams appoint many federalist judges?

Who are you guy from SIS


What US President appointed the Midnight Judges?

Second US President John Adams appointed 42 justices of the peace for the territory of Washington, DC a few days before President Jefferson succeeded him in office. Adams wanted to ensure his Federalist party, which was losing popularity to Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party, retained power in the government. He attempted to accomplish this by packing the Judicial branch of government with Federalist judges.The lame duck Congress also passed the Judiciary Act of 1801, rearranging the federal court system and allowing Adams to appoint 16 new Circuit judges and several new District judges the month before leaving office. The justices of the peace and federal judges, collectively, are often referred to as the "midnight judges" for their last-minute appointments.President Thomas Jefferson refused to have some of the commissions delivered after taking office, which lead to the US Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison, (1803).For more information, see Related Questions, below.