It's a response to a broadcast asking for the devices MAC ID. Routers and switches keep a table known as an ARP table which lists all the MAC ID's in the local area network. It will send ARP requests out to all the nodes in it's broadcast domain saying send me your MAC ID's. All the nodes in the network reply back with an ARP reply saying here is my MAC ID.
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Gratuitous in this case means a request/reply that is not normally needed according to the ARP specification (RFC 826) but could be used in some cases. A gratuitous ARP request is an AddressResolutionProtocol request packet where the source and destination IP are both set to the IP of the machine issuing the packet and the destination MAC is the broadcast address ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. Ordinarily, no reply packet will occur. A gratuitous ARP reply is a reply to which no request has been made.
Dynamic ARP table entries are created whne a client makes an ARP request that cannot be satisfied by data already in the ARP table.
ARP = Air Raid Precautions.
ARP is a Third layer or Network layer protocol. ARP is an address resolution protocol . The mechanism used by ARP to resolve IP address is look up table.
The purpose of an arp request is to map an IP address to a MAC address for the link layer to transmit a packet. For example, ARP will get a request to map 1.2.3.4 to a MAC address 12:fd:23:gf .Then ARP will cache the address mapping that next time an arp request doesnt need to happen