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Several major forces brought the urbanization of Britain from the 16th through the 20th centuries. They were the rise of the British empire, British manufacturing, Enclosures of commons, and the carrying trade.
The British empire provided a source of raw materials and a market for finished goods. The enclosures concentrated land among fewer people and forced farmers from the land. The farmers moved to the cities where manufacturing jobs were available. New technologies reducing prices for British finished goods opened jobs for the displaced farmers and their families. Examples include The Spinning Jenny, The Bessemer Converter, The loom controlled by paper tape including subloops designed by Ada Lovelace, and others.
So, urbanization was caused by farmers being thrown off of the land as well as the need of urban areas for workers.
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