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Manorialism is one key concept of the Middle Ages. It is a system in which serfs are tied to the land of a lord. It is a system of mutual obligation in which the lord provides the serf with a place to live, fields to farm, and protection. In exchange, the serf provides the lord with labor and a share of the crops that are grown.

A second concept of the Middle Ages is feudalism, in which the king provides land, a fief, to a vassal in exchange for obedience and military support. To do this, the vassal pledged homage and fealty to the king. The vassals of the highest levels of the nobility could provide for lower levels of people in the same way, through a process called subinfeudation. This produced the feudal pyramid, with the kings at the top, various ranks of the nobility at various levels, and the serfs at the bottom.

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One was the establishment of Germanic kingdoms from the tribal groups that invaded the territory of the West Roman Empire. These kingdoms included the Kingdoms of the Visigoths, Vandals, Ostrogoths, Burgundians, Franks, Angles, Saxons, and Lombards, along with others.

Another was the establishment of Islam and the subsequent wars in which Muslims conquered the Middle East, Persia, North Africa, Spain, and parts of Asia Minor.

Others were Viking raids, beginnings of Christian reconquest of Spain, the beginnings of feudalism, development of castles, and development of new systems of agriculture.

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Q: What are two key historical concepts of the middle ages?
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What were the key differences between the Middle Ages and the Dark Ages in terms of societal development and cultural advancements?

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