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They were the first group in the middle east to practice monotheism (or at least monolatry, which is an early form of monotheism).
Monotheism is the belief in only one god Polytheism is the belief in many gods :)
Monotheism is the belief in one god (Jews, Christians, Muslims). Polytheism is the belief in many gods(ancient Greece). Egypt also had a polytheistic religion.
There was really no ancient empire that practiced monotheism. The only two peoples of the western world that practiced it were the Jews and, briefly, the Egyptians. Monotheism in the form of Christianity flourished in the latter part of the Roman empire, but the empire did not influence Christianity, rather it was the other way around, with Christianity (monotheism) influencing the Roman empire.
The traditional by Judaism, Christianity and Islam is that monotheism has existed since the time of creation. However, many scholars say that Judaic monotheism is of quite late origin. Given that Zoroastrianism is likely to be the earliest essentially monotheistic religion, then monotheism began when Zoroastrianism was founded - somewhere around 1700 BCE to perhaps 2000 BCE.