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They were never unified. Philip and Alexander of Macedonia brought them under control by bribery and conquest, and the Roman Empire brought them under its provincial governors.
Phillip II, Alexander the Greats dad, unified the Greek states into one nation under Macedonian Hegemony.
Greece was not a unified state. There were kingdoms and independent city states in mainland Greece and Greek kingdoms in Western Turkey, in Syria and in Egypt. The first Roman victory over a Greek state was in the First Macedonian War (214-205 BC) where Rome defeated the kingdom of Macedon, the largest and the dominant state in mainland Greece.
It was neither an empire nor a republic. The first thing to understand is that "Ancient Greece" was not a unified political body (as was the Roman Republic/Empire) but rather a collection of independent city-states that operated under their own forms of government. Athens, for example, had a form of democratic government, while Sparta was under the rule of a king.
Philip II of the Greek kingdom of Macedonia took over the hegemony of a united Greece.
Ancient greece was divided into isolated communities because of the mountains in Greece. Over 70% of Greece is mountains, and the mountains made communication between cities hard. This blocked the exchange of ideas, which resulted in all of the cities having different societies, governments, and values