Science and the body. What they thought they knew was based on superstition. An example of this was they thought that some ships sank because there were islands in the ocean that were magnets and they drew the ships to their watery grave because the ships had iron nails.
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The Europeans from the Middle Ages.
Europeans during the Middle Ages were only aware of the 3 connected continents they were part of: Europe, Asia, and Africa. they had no knowledge of what is now referred to as the Western Hemisphere, nor of the islands of the Pacific. Voyages of discovery where they encountered the Americas and Australia did not occur until the Renaissance and Antarctica was even later.
geology
During the middle ages, corn had not yet been introduced to europe from the new world
Despite The King being in charge the church, as long as The King was faithful, could literally take control saying what they want is God's will