Only slaves who committed crimes were condemned to the arena. The freeborn were not.
Originally gladiators were mainly enslaved war captives whose trade was supervised by the state. However, by the late Republic half of the gladiators were paid volunteers.
For the poor and for non-Romans it provided a job, accommodation, food and a chance for fame and money. Gladiators kept their prize money and successful ones were the heroes of the crowd and received generous donations from the rich and even emperors.
As the supply of enslaved war captives decreased with the decrease in imperial expansion, the supply of slaves condemned to the gladiatorial school and games as punishment for crimes became important.
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Criminals and gladiators most commonly. Note that it was easy for any slave to be judged to be a criminal.
The gladiators were mostly slaves. Some were criminals convicted to the arena. There were also a few volunteers. The gladiators did not fight for Rome. They were not a military force. They fought in the gladiatorial combats, which were public shows in the amphitheatres (arenas). The Romans loved the gladiatorial games.
Slaves and criminals and captured men from enemy armies were selected to be gladiators by the Romans. These men would normally be fit enough to engage in battle with other gladiators. Individual Romans often ran gladiator training camps to prepare these enslaved men for hand to hand combat.
Gladiators brandished tattoos. Often these were facial tattoos that depicted religious themes or personages. Many also emblazoned their faces with images that were thought to provide strength or protection for the combatants. Some may have also used tattoos in an attempt to frighten or intimidate their opponents. Slaves & criminals were most often forced to be gladiators & may have been tattooed with their owners Cote of Arms or for criminals, their status as a convict or their crime. Most often they were facial tattoos. Some slaves even had 'taxes paid' tattooed across the forehead!
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