Corruption or graft
Political machines, which dominated many American cities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, had both positive and negative aspects. On the positive side, they often provided essential services to immigrants and the urban poor, helping them navigate bureaucratic systems and securing jobs, housing, and social services. Conversely, they were criticized for fostering corruption, engaging in vote-buying, and manipulating elections to maintain power, which undermined democratic processes and often perpetuated systemic inequality. Overall, while they may have addressed some immediate needs, their reliance on patronage and corruption had long-term detrimental effects on governance.
James Joyce's political views in 1900 were complex and often critical of the state of Ireland. He was disillusioned by the lack of cultural and political independence under British rule and criticized the social conservatism and nationalism prevalent in Irish society. Joyce believed in the importance of individual freedom and artistic expression, often feeling that the political climate stifled these ideals. His work reflects a desire for a more liberated and modern Ireland, free from the constraints of colonialism and dogmatic nationalism.
Urban reformers are individuals who aim to make a gradual change in society by empowering urban areas. Ideas are often rooted in social democracy.
They are appointed by the president and often they are a political favor for support and money in a political campaign.
Marie Antoinette was particularly strong in the arts and fashion, reflecting her upbringing in the opulent court of Austria. However, she was often criticized for her lack of political acumen and understanding of financial matters, which contributed to her unpopularity in France. Her extravagant spending and perceived indifference to the struggles of the common people highlighted her weaknesses in governance and economic awareness.
Meritocracy. Urban political machines were not known for promoting or rewarding individuals based on their merit or qualifications. Rather, they often operated on a system of patronage and nepotism, prioritizing loyalty and political connections over skill or ability.
political machines
political machines
They try to influence decisions of government agencies, political representatives, or policymakers.
The new professional political organizations were known as political machines. They often relied on what's known as the spoils system, where candidates promise jobs or other favors in return for support.
Immigrants played a significant role in political machines by providing a base of supporters and voters. Political machines often targeted immigrant communities for their votes in exchange for jobs, services, and other favors. Immigrants were a key demographic that helped power the operations and influence of political machines in cities across the United States.
The leaders of political machines were commonly referred to as "bosses." These bosses wielded significant influence over political processes and often controlled party nominations, appointments, and services in exchange for votes and loyalty from constituents. They operated mainly in urban areas during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, leveraging patronage and a network of loyal supporters to maintain power. Prominent examples include figures like Boss Tweed in New York City.
Political machines often promoted corruption, nepotism, and favoritism, leading to a lack of transparency and accountability in government. They also stifled democratic processes by manipulating elections through tactics like voter fraud and coercion. Additionally, political machines tended to prioritize the interests of party bosses and insiders over the needs of the general public.
"White flight" refers to the movement of middle-class white residents from urban areas to the suburbs, often in response to the influx of minority residents. This phenomenon has been criticized for contributing to urban decay and segregation in cities.
Simple. It is by changing the natural environment by human-made machines into human needs, that are often flat to construct urban areas to suit needs and wants such as agriculture and urban sprawl.
they were big fat liers and didn't help the immigrants
What are you oftentimes criticised for? How did you react to them?