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Each of the twelve Israelite Tribes got its name from one of the twelve sons of Jacob. Judah was the fourth (Genesis ch.29). See also:
The Province of Judea.
Yes, Hadrian renamed Judea "Syria Palaestina." He did so after he suppressed the Bar Kokhba revolt (132-136) as a damnatio memoriae; that is, he wanted to erase the memory of the name Judea. He used Syria as part of the new name because Judea was a satellite province of the province of Syria. Palaestina was an Latin adaptation of the Greek word Palaistíne, which meant Philistia (land of the Philistines) and the surrounding region.
No kingdom was renamed Judea. When the United Kingdom of Israel divided in two, the Northern Kingdom retained the name Israel while the Southern Kingdom took on the name Judah since it primarily controlled the lands assigned to the tribe of Judah. Judea was the Roman term for the area once controlled by the Southern Kingdom of Judah.
Pompey the Great did not conquer Judea. He was called to arbitrate in a dispute between two pretenders of the Judean thone. He decided in favour of one of the two contenders and Judea became a client kingdom. Judea was not annexed into the Roman territories and it remained an autonomous state. Judea was annexed to the Roman Empire in 10 AD by Augustus.
judea paid tribute