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Melanin is the pigment which helps our skin to be defensive against over exposure. Normally when you are exposed to sun light the skin will produce melanin automatically. But people from cold climates won't need melanin as the sun light is not strong over there. So people from colder area tend to be white. But people from hotter climates need melanin to prevent sun burn so their body is programmed to do so. More melanin means the darker the skin. The reason why melanin turns our skin to black is, black color can absorb the light, but white will reflect the light. If the light is being reflected only the skin will be exposed to heat and that will damage the skin which is sunburn. But dark skin will absorb the heat and transfer the heat to the inner body parts under the skin and thus by having less damage on the skin.
