Bruises form as small capillaries under the skin are broken from trauma or injury. Blood oozes out until clotting stops the flow, and as the blood is broken down, will turn from a purple color to an orange color from the remaining iron and hemoglobin. In other words, your vains break under the skin but your skin doesn't break, so it's kind of like bleeding on the inside.
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What causes bleeing from under the skin is a bruise. You can tell how bad you're bleeding from under your skin by the color of the bruise. If it's black, you know it's bleeding a lot. If it's yellowy-greeny it's not a major bruise.
Bruises can change color. It also depends on how hard you hit yourself. Say, for example, you got hit in the leg with a soccer ball; and the bruise is black the first day, blue the next, and greeny-yellow the next day; you can tell the bruise is starting to stop bleeding too much.
From,
Dr. Serogia
The discoloration under the skin shown by a bruise is caused by the rupture of small blood vessels and escape of blood into the tissue.