Normally from some type of injury, like dropping a heavy object on it, or frequent running causing constant pressure on the toenails. If it is not caused by an injury, it is more than likely a fungus, and you can get a prescription treatment from your doctor to take care of it. Fungi are very difficult to treat and can take several months, and over the counter medications are rarely helpful in toenail fungus.
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Your toenail falls off from trauma, it should not just fall off randomly. Your nails are always growing and will grow back as long as the nail bed and matrix is healthy.
A very strong hit to it from a blunt object or just any object in general. Some fungus diseases.
A fungus can cause toe nails to become separate from the nail bed or fall out. See your doctor. He will prescribe a medication cream to use. It can take weeks to months to see improvement.