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Long-term immunity typically occurs after the immune system has been exposed to a pathogen, either through natural infection or vaccination. This process involves the generation of memory B cells and T cells, which can recognize and respond more effectively to the same pathogen in the future. Long-term immunity can last for years or even decades, depending on the pathogen and the individual's immune response. It is characterized by a more rapid and robust immune response upon re-exposure to the antigen.

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