When air enters the nose, nasal hairs trap dirt particles and dust so that these do not enter the lungs. As air moves further in, it is warmed. Inside the lungs, air expands the lungs and travels downward from the larger bronchi to the smallest bronchioles. At the aveloi, the environmental air delivers a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The bloodstream, specifically the hemoglobin attached to red blood cells held within blood vessels that surround the aveoli, pick up the oxygen molecules to take those to the body.
In return, the aveloi allows the transfer of carbon dioxide back to the "air" of the last breath that is still inside the lungs. The concentration of carbon dioxide triggers an autonomic neural (brain) reaction that triggers muscles to contract, thus forcing out the air laden with carbon dioxide.
The cycle begins all over again when the brain recognizes a lowering oxygenation level, triggering the intake of another breath.
Note: In lung diseases like emphysema, the brain-lung or oxygen-carbon dioxide feedback system is reversed. Instead of carbon dioxide build-up triggering the need to take a new breath, the diseased lungs work best with higher carbon dioxide, just the opposite from a healthy lung.
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