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What is an endogenous opioid?
Endogenous opioids are opiate-like substances that are physiologically produced in the body, such as endorphins and dynorphins. The opioid system controls reward, pain and addictive behaviors.
What chemical in the brain triggers pleasure?
endogenous opioid peptides
Primary opioid receptor is associated with analgesia?
The primary opioid receptor associated with analgesia is the mu-opioid receptor. Activation of the mu-opioid receptor by opioids such as morphine produces pain relief by modulating pain perception pathways in the brain and spinal cord. This receptor is also responsible for the euphoric effects of opioids, which can lead to their misuse and addiction.
Does suboxone have naltraxon in it?
No. Suboxone does not have naltrexone in it. Suboxone is the trade name for the mixture of buprenorphine and naloxone in a 4 to 1 ratio. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the opioid receptor. Naloxone is an antagonist or "blocker" of the same receptor. Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist used primarily in the management of alcohol dependence and opioid dependence.
What is the definition of the word opiods?
An opioid is a naturally occurring compound that will bind to opioid receptors within your body. When an opioid receptor is blocked by an opioid a person is likely to feel less pain.
The effect of a drug that is an agonist is to do what?
An agonist drug binds to and activates a receptor in the body, producing a response similar to that of the endogenous ligand. This leads to an increase in the activity of the receptor, resulting in a physiological response.
What does the military title Ogfr stand for?
OGFR stands for "Opioid Growth Factor Receptor"
What is the meaning of vivitrol?
Vivitrol is the trade name for the drug naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist. Vivitrol is used to help treat alcohol dependence and opioid dependence.
Is tramadol hcl in the same drug class as morphine?
Tramadol and morphine are both opioids, but they belong to different drug classes. Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic, while morphine is a natural opioid analgesic derived from the opium poppy plant. Both are used for pain relief, but they have different chemical structures and mechanisms of action.
Why are NSRIs effective fo peripheral neuropathic pain?
The simple answer to this is believed to be through potentiation of endogenous opioid activity, though this is uncertain. SNRIs (not NSRIs) are essentially selective versions of TriCyclic Antidepressants. There is evidence that TCAs potentiate opioid analgaesia, which could be the mechinism of action.
Are endorphins generated in the body during exercise?
There are certain endorphins that are released during vigorous exercise. These endorphins are called endogenous opioid peptides. These endorphins are also present in love.
What receptors does heroin effect?
Heroin (diacetyl-morphine) by itself has very little effect on receptors in the brain. It's main physiological effects are attributed to the conversion of heroin by the body to its metabolites morphine and/or 6-monoacetylmorphine (depending upon the route of administration of heroin). But for all intents and purposes, this is a just a pharmacological technicality, as most drugs (such as codeine) are not very active in their own right and depend upon metabolism by the liver or other organs to produce the specific effects of the drug.Heroin is an opioidergic drug and thus affects endogenous opioid receptors, acting as an agonist (meaning it plugs into and activates these receptors). It has the highest affinity for the μ-opioid (or "mu-opioid") sub receptor. This specific opioid-receptor is mainly responsible for providing all the classical narcotic effects of most opiate/opioid painkillers, including: pain relief, relaxation of smooth muscle (in the gut), euphoria, and central nervous system depression (which causes reduction in anxiety and hypertension).Like most other opiates, heroin also binds to two other opioid receptors as an agonist. First, it has moderate affinity for the δ- (or "delta-") opioid receptor. The physiological effects of δ opioid receptor agonists is not as fully understood as the other types; but it is thought to play a role in dependence and tolerance; while also providing similar effects to μ-opioid receptors agonists, primarily pain relief and central nervous system depression.Finally, heroin has some-but very low-affinity for the κ-opioid (or "kappa-opioid") receptor. The effects of κ-opioidergic drugs are extremely different than μ- & δ- opioid agonists. Effects include hallucinations, dissociation, delirium, and anesthesia. Most of the effects associated with the μ-opioid receptor do not occur with kappa agonists, including: euphoria, CNS depression, and relaxation of the smooth-muscle in the gut. Opposite to heroin, a substance that strongly binds to κ-opioid receptors, with very little affinity for μ- & δ- receptors, is salvinorin a, the active chemical in Salvia. In the 1970s, κ-opioid agonist drugs were investigated as atypical anesthetics, but were quickly abandoned due to their severely adverse, unpleasant, and hallucinogenic effects. However, heroin's affinity for this opioid receptor is minimal, even at high doses, compared to other opiates such as meperidine, which have far less abuse potential because of kappa-opioid agonist activity at higher doses.Additionally:All drugs that act as μ-opioid agonists, including endogenous endorphins, similarly indirectly impact dopamine and serotonin and induce antidepressant effects. Furthermore, heroin like nearly every other opiate, induces a histamine reaction (it is not known if this is due to an indirect or direct effect at the H1, or histamine, receptors). This can create some-allergic reactions like itchiness. Although other typical allergic-effects like watering-eyes are usually counteracted by μ-opioid agonist effects, which induce dryness in mucus membranes (such as in the mouth and eyes).Note:Unlike other opiates & opioids, heroin has not yet been shown to have any known affinity for other non-opioidergic systems in the brain, such as acting as an antagonist (i.e., a "blocking" agent) at NMDA receptors as seen with methadone (NMDA antagonists reduce glutamate levels and decrease anxiety and in higher doses can cause anesthesia, Ketamine is a potent NMDA antagonist). Heroin also has not been demonstrated to act at nociceptin receptors, like the synthetic-opiate buprenorphine. Nociceptin is a opioid-class receptor, but has opposite physiological effects, acting as an anti-analgesic; however, its overall impact upon opiate pharmacology is not fully understood.
