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What is a Challenge test for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
An attack of hyperkalemic PP can be induced with administration of potassium after exercise during fasting. These tests are potentially hazardous and require careful monitoring.
What is the difference between hypokalemic and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is characterized by low levels of potassium in the blood during attacks, leading to muscle weakness or paralysis. In contrast, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is characterized by high levels of potassium during episodes, resulting in muscle stiffness or weakness. Both conditions are genetic and involve dysfunction in ion channels that regulate potassium levels in muscle cells.
What characterizes an attack of hypokalemic periodic paralysis?
The weakness from a particular attack may last from several hours to as long as several days, and may be localized to a particular limb, or might involve the entire body.
What is a Challenge test for hypokalemic periodic paralysis?
With hypokalemic periodic paralysis an attack of weakness can be induced by administering glucose and insulin with exercise. These tests are potentially hazardous and require careful monitoring.
What is hypokalemic periodic paralysis?
The level of potassium in the blood falls in the early stages of a paralytic attack.
In familial periodic paralysis how does the paralysis disappear quickly when potassium ions are administered IV?
Periodic paralysis disorders are rare genetic mutation which causes a malfunction in certain ion channels in the muscle membrane that affect muscle strength. There are two major forms, hypokalemic and hyperkalemic, each caused by defects in different genes. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis causes attacks of muscle weakness or paralysis when the level of potassium in the blood drops, while in hyperkalemic, it rises slightly or is normal. During attacks of muscle weakness, potassium moves from the blood into muscle cells. This makes the cell unable to contract properly. Rapidly absorbed boluses of liquid potassium are generally needed to abort an attack and IV potassium is seldom justified unless the patient is unable to swallow. It works more rapidly given IV rather than ingested orally because the K+ions are inserted right into the blood stream rather than being digested in the digestive system and taking it's time to reach the blood stream.
What do blood and urine tests indicate at the onset of an attack of periodic paralysis?
Blood and urine tests done at the onset of an attack show whether there are elevated or depressed levels of potassium.
What characterizes DDoS attack?
Many hosts participate in a coordinated attack.
Can seizures lead to paralysis in a dog?
Yes, he can also get a heart attack.
What viral disease attack and the human nervous system and can cause paralysis?
polio
What does the move status do in Pokemon?
A status is saying you're using an attack that uses attack, defense, speed, sp. attack, or sp. defence stats or deals with burn, paralysis,sleep,poison, and confusion.( Not frozen because no attack can get your opponents Pokemon frozen if you have luck with an ice attack).
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis?
DefinitionHypokalemic periodic paralysis is an inherited disorder that causes occasional episodes of muscle weakness.It is one of a group of genetic disorders that includes hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis.Alternative NamesPeriodic paralysis - hypokalemicCauses, incidence, and risk factorsHypokalemic periodic paralysis is a condition in which a person has episodes of muscle weakness and sometimes severe paralysis.The condition is congenital, which means it is present from birth. In most cases, it is passed down through families (inherited) as an autosomal dominant disorder. That means only one parent needs to pass the gene related to this condition on to you in order for you to be affected.Occasionally, the condition may be the result of a genetic problem that is not inherited.Unlike other forms of periodic paralysis, persons with congenital hypokalemic periodic paralysis have normal thyroid function and very low blood levels of potassium during episodes of weakness. This results from potassium moving from the blood into muscle cells in an abnormal way.Risks include having other family members with periodic paralysis. The risk is slightly higher in Asian men who also have thyroid disorders.Disorders that cause intermittent episodes of paralysis as their primary effect are uncommon. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis occurs in approximately 1 out of 100,000 people.SymptomsThe disorder involves attacks of muscle weakness or loss of muscle movement (paralysis) that come and go. Initially, there is normal muscle strength between attacks.Attacks usually begin in adolescence, but they can occur before age 10. Attacks that do not begin until adulthood are rare in people with hypokalemic periodic paralysis and are usually caused by other disorders.How often the attacks occur varies. Some people have attacks every day, while others have them once a year. Episodes of muscle weakness usually last between a few hours and a day.The weakness or paralysis:Most commonly is located at the shoulders and hipsMay also affect the arms, legs, muscles of the eyes, and muscles that help you breathe and swallowOccurs intermittentlyMost commonly occurs on awakeningMost commonly occurs after sleep or restIs rare during exercise, but may be triggered by rest after exerciseMay be triggered by heavy, high-carbohydrate, high-salt meals or alcohol consumptionUsually lasts 3 - 24 hoursOther symptoms may include:Eyelid myotonia (a condition in which after opening and closing the eyes, the patient cannot open them for a short time)Note: The patient's thinking remains alert during attacks.Signs and testsBetween attacks, a physical examination shows nothing abnormal. Before an attack, there may be leg stiffness or heaviness in the legs.During an attack of muscle weakness, the blood potassium level is low. This confirms the diagnosis. There is no decrease in total body potassium, and blood potassium levels are normal between attacks.During an attack, muscle reflexes may be decreased or absent, and muscles go limp rather than staying stiff. The muscle groups near the body, such as shoulders and hips, are involved more often than the arms and legs.An ECG or heart tracing may be abnormal during attacks.An EMG or muscle tracing is usually normal between attacks and abnormal during attacks.A muscle biopsymay show abnormalities.TreatmentMuscle weakness that involves the breathing or swallowing muscles is an emergency situation. Dangerous heart arrhythmias may also occur during attacks.The goals of treatment are relief of symptoms and prevention of further attacks.Potassium that is given during an attack may stop the attack. It is preferred that potassium be given by mouth, but if weakness is severe, potassium may need to be given through a vein (IV). Note: Potassium, especially intravenous potassium, should be given with caution, especially in individuals with kidney disease.Taking potassium supplements will not prevent attacks.Avoiding alcohol and eating a low-carbohydrate diet may help.A medicine called acetazolamide prevents attacks in many cases. If you take this medicine, your doctor may tell you to also take potassium supplements because acetazolamide may cause your body to lose potassium.Triamterene or spironolactone may help to prevent attacks in people who do not respond to acetazolamide.Expectations (prognosis)Hypokalemic periodic paralysis responds well to treatment. Treatment may prevent, and even reverse, progressive muscle weakness. Although muscle strength is initially normal between attacks, repeated attacks may eventually cause worsening and permanent muscle weakness between attacks.ComplicationsKidney stones(a side effect of acetazolamide)Heart arrhythmias during attacksDifficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing during attacks (rare)Progressive muscle weaknessCalling your health care providerCall your health care provider if you have intermittent muscle weakness, particularly if there is a family history of periodic paralysis.Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you faint or have difficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing. These are emergency symptoms.PreventionHypokalemic periodic paralysis cannot be prevented. Because it can be inherited, genetic counseling may be advised for couples at risk for the disorder.Treatment prevents attacks of weakness. Before an attack, there may be leg stiffness or heaviness in the legs. Performing mild exercise when these symptoms start may help prevent a full-blown attack.ReferencesBarohn RJ. Muscle diseases. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 447.
