Carbonium ion process
Carbonium ion process
Catalytic cracking offers several advantages over thermal cracking, primarily in terms of efficiency and product quality. It operates at lower temperatures, which reduces energy consumption and minimizes the formation of unwanted by-products like coke. Additionally, catalytic cracking yields a higher proportion of valuable light products, such as gasoline and olefins, while thermal cracking often results in heavier, less desirable fractions. The presence of catalysts also allows for more selective reactions, enhancing overall process control and product specificity.
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Thermal movement can cause expansion and contraction in building materials, leading to cracking, warping, or distortion. This can compromise the structural integrity of the building over time. Proper design and construction techniques that account for thermal movement can help minimize these effects.
Advantages of thermal expansion include its use in designing and constructing structures that can accommodate temperature changes without damage. However, a disadvantage is that it can cause stress on materials, leading to potential structural issues over time. Managing thermal expansion is crucial to minimize negative effects.
Coke, most likely. Coke is the carbonaceous residue left over from the thermal "cracking" of hydrocarbons (the term is also used to describe the residue left over from coal combustion).
Thermal heat expansion and contraction is a type of mechanical weathering, as it involves the physical breakdown of rocks due to changes in temperature. When rocks heat up, they expand, and when they cool down, they contract, causing stress that can lead to cracking and disintegration over time.
The process is called 'cracking' or more properly "Fluid Catalytic Cracking". It takes place in a Catalytic Cracker (cat cracker) where a combination of high heat, pressure, and chemical catalysts break long chain hydrocarbons into more valuable shorter chain ones. A catalyst is a compound that speeds up (or slows down) a reaction without being used in the reaction. So a catalyst can be used over and over again for the same process.
Its physical properties also make it less susceptible to cracking and weathering; it is also more resistant to salts and chemicals used to clear and maintain roads in inclement weather.
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A heat shield deflects the heat given off the catalytic converter from over heating surrounding parts or panels.
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