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Non-classical isosteres are chemical entities that produce a similar biological response. They do not have to have the same number of atoms
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When was Nonclassical created?
Nonclassical was created in 2003.
What has the author Michael Andrew Heneghan written?
Michael Andrew Heneghan has written: 'The synthesis of isosteres of enzyme inhibitors'
What has the author Ben James Mellor written?
Ben James Mellor has written: 'The synthesis of novel oligonucleoside isosteres'
What has the author Helmut Coelfen written?
Helmut Coelfen has written: 'Mesocrystals and nonclassical crystallization' -- subject(s): Colloidal crystals, Crystal growth, Nanostructured materials
What has the author S G Pyatkov written?
S. G. Pyatkov has written: 'Operator theory' -- subject(s): Banach spaces, Interpolation spaces, Nonclassical mathematical logic, Operator theory
What has the author W Lionel Craver written?
W. Lionel Craver has written: 'Vibration frequencies of tapered bars with nonclassical boundary conditions' -- subject(s): Strains and stresses 'Introduction To Engineering' -- subject(s): Engineering, Engineering mathematics 'Introduction to engineering and technology' -- subject(s): Engineering
What are three target organs of parathyroid hormone?
Bones, kidneys, small intestine.The classical target organs for parathyroid hormone (PTH) are the bone and kidneys. In uremia, however, numerous studies have shown that PTH may also affect the function of a number of nonclassical organs and tissues besides the bone and kidney, including the brain, heart, smooth muscles, lungs, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, pancreas, adrenal glands, and testes.
How could a rock from one category be recycled to become a rock from another category?
A rock is a conglomerate of solid inorganic material (minerals) which results from structural changes at various stages of an evolutionary processes named "Rock Cycle".There are three types or categories of rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. To explain the rock cycle you can start from any of it's stages. But in this case the explanation will start since the magma stage: Magma: viscous liquid substance (molten rock) located at the center of the earth. This can be done migrate through cracks or weak spots at the earth court. Crystallization: occurs when the magma in the earth crust cools and decreases it's temperature to form extrusive igneous rocks or igneous intrusive rocks. Igneous Rocks: There are two types, the extrusive igneous (volcanic rocks which are crystallized on the surface) or intrusive igneous (formed within the crust). Weathering: the igneous rock (for this explanation, but it can also happen with sedimentary or metamorphic rocks) is broken into fragments. Erosion and Transport: rock fragments resulting from the weathering fall in deposits. Lithification: the fragments are consolidated and compacted by moisture and mineral-binding, resulting sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary Rocks: They can be classic / debris (resulting from fragments of preexisting rocks) or nonclassical (Chemical: are caused by the precipitation of materials in solution; Organic: it arises from the accumulation of dead plants or animals, or by buildings of living organisms such as corals). Metamorphism: sedimentary rocks (it can also happen with igneous rocks) are buried at great depths where they are in contact with gas, pressure and high temperatures. From this rocks change their physical structure to become metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic Rocks: They can be foliate (slaty structure) or nonfoliate (they are hard at contact). Fusion: the rock is exposed to extreme temperatures, melting into the depths of the earth crust, again changing its physical structure to become magma. Then the rock cycle starts again.
17-OH progesterone?
Definition17-OH progesterone is a blood test that measures the amount of 17-OH progesterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and gonads.Alternative Names17-hydroxyprogesterone; Progesterone - 17-OHHow the test is performedBlood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.The blood sample is sent to a laboratory for examination.How to prepare for the testYour doctor may tell you to stop taking any drugs that may cause false test results. Such drugs include corticosteroids and birth control pills.Your doctor may also recommend that the test be done at a specific time of day, since it is sensitive to circadian rhythms, the natural highs and lows that the body experiences during a 24-hour period.How the test will feelWhen the needle is inserted to draw blood, you may feel moderate pain, or only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may some throbbing.Why the test is performedThis test is mainly used to check infants for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). It is often performed on infants who are born with outer genitals that do not have the typical appearance of a boy or a girl.This test is also used to identify persons with nonclassical adrenal hyperplasia. This condition occurs when the body does not product enough of a substance that helps the adrenal gland make cortisol.Your doctor may recommend this test if you are a woman who has excessive hair growth in places where adult men grow hair, or if you have other signs of virilization.Normal ValuesNormal and abnormal values differ for babies born with low birth weight. In general, normal results are as follows:Cord blood - 1,000 - 3,000 ng/dL>24 hours - less than 100 ng/dLAdults - less than 200 ng/dLNote: ng/dL = nanograms per deciliter.Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.What abnormal results meanHigh levels of 17-OH progesterone may be due to:Adrenal tumorsCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)In infants with CAH, 17-OHP levels range from 3,000 - 40,000 ng/dL. In adults, a level greater than 200ng/dL may be due to nonclassical adrenal hyperplasia.What the risks areVeins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.Other risks may include:Excessive bleedingFainting or feeling lightheadedHematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)Special considerationsYour doctor may suggest an ACTH test if your 17-OH progesterone level is between 200 - 800 ng/dL.ReferencesSperoff L, Fritz MA, eds. Normal and Abnormal Sexual Development in Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology & Infertility. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
How are liquid gases and solids different?
Solids have definite shapes. When you put solid materials in a container the solid material don't take the shape the container.Liquids don't have definite shape. They take the shape of their container.Gases have no definite shape nor volume. It's almost the same with liquid but they can't be seen.Solids have the least intermolecular space. Gases have intermolecular space greater than solids. Gases are far away.Solid-The particles (ions, atoms or molecules) are packed closely together. The forces between particles are strong enough so that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change their shape by force, as when broken or cut.In crystalline solids, the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern. There are many different crystal structures, and the same substance can have more than one structure (or solid phase). For example, iron has a body-centred cubic structure at temperatures below 912 °C, and a face-centred cubic structure between 912 and 1394 °C. Ice has fifteen known crystal structures, or fifteen solid phases, which exist at various temperatures and pressures.[4]Glasses and other non-crystalline, amorphous solids without long-range order are not thermal equilibrium ground states; therefore they are described below as nonclassical states of matter.Solids can be transformed into liquids by melting, and liquids can be transformed into solids by freezing. Solids can also change directly into gases through the process of sublimation.Liquid-A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. The volume is definite if the temperature and pressure are constant. When a solid is heated above its melting point, it becomes liquid, given that the pressure is higher than the triple point of the substance. Intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces are still important, but the molecules have enough energy to move relative to each other and the structure is mobile. This means that the shape of a liquid is not definite but is determined by its container. The volume is usually greater than that of the corresponding solid, the most well known exception being water, H2O. The highest temperature at which a given liquid can exist is its critical temperature.[5]Gas-A gas is a compressible fluid. Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container.In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an ideal gas), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the molecular size. A gas has no definite shape or volume, but occupies the entire container in which it is confined. A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating at constant pressure to the boiling point, or else by reducing the pressure at constant temperature.At temperatures below its critical temperature, a gas is also called a vapor, and can be liquefied by compression alone without cooling. A vapor can exist in equilibrium with a liquid (or solid), in which case the gas pressure equals the vapor pressure of the liquid (or solid).A supercritical fluid (SCF) is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and critical pressure respectively. In this state, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears. A supercritical fluid has the physical properties of a gas, but its high density confers solvent properties in some cases, which leads to useful applications. For example, supercritical carbon dioxide is used to extract caffeine in the manufacture ofdecaffeinated coffee.[6]
How many different words can be made out of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcano...?
With a minimum word length of two letters, 29,705 can be found in the Scrabble dictionary. With a minimum word length of fifteen letters, 158:1 acrimoniousness2 aerosolisations3 aluminosilicate4 anticlericalism5 anticolonialism6 assimilationism7 associationisms8 carnivorousness9 circularisation10 circumincession11 circuminsession12 circumlocutions13 circumpositions14 circumscription15 circumscriptive16 circumspections17 circumvallation18 circumvolutions19 civilianisation20 coconsciousness21 commensurations22 commercialistic23 commissionaires24 communalisation25 communicational26 conservatoriums27 consimilarities28 conspicuousness29 contrariousness30 conventionalism31 conversationism32 convulsionaries33 corpuscularians34 cosmopolitanism35 counterproposal36 criminalisation37 episcopalianism38 illustriousness39 immiserisations40 immunoreactions41 impracticalness42 impressionistic43 improvisational44 improvisatorial45 improvisatrices46 inappreciations47 incapaciousness48 incommunicative49 inspirationisms50 insurrectionism51 interclavicular52 intercommunions53 intercomparison54 interprovincial55 intrinsicalness56 involuntariness57 isoimmunisation58 macroevolutions59 masculinisation60 memorialisation61 microcomponents62 microevolutions63 microporosities64 micropulsations65 millenarianisms66 mineralisations67 misapplications68 misappreciation69 miscalculations70 miscorrelations71 missionisations72 misvocalisation73 monopolisations74 monopropellants75 mountainousness76 multiprocessors77 multiracialisms78 musicalisations79 neocolonialisms80 neocolonialists81 nominalisations82 nonastronomical83 nonconservation84 nonconsumptions85 noncooperations86 noncorrelations87 nonimplications88 nonoccupational89 nonprescription90 nonsimultaneous91 nuclearisations92 nucleoplasmatic93 occasionalities94 omoplatoscopies95 oneirocriticism96 operationalisms97 overapplication98 overconsumption99 overpopulations100 personalisation101 pneumoconiotics102 pococuranteisms103 popularisations104 postmillenarian105 prescriptivisms106 pressurisations107 processionalist108 proletarianisms109 promiscuousness110 pronunciamentos111 pronunciational112 provincialities113 prussianisation114 punctiliousness115 puritanicalness116 pusillanimities117 recolonisations118 reconciliations119 remoralisations120 renormalisation121 repolarisations122 resocialisation123 retransmissions124 revalorisations125 revisualisation126 scintillascopes127 scintilloscopes128 scrumptiousness129 secularisations130 semicolonialism131 semiparasitisms132 sensationalisms133 sensualisations134 specialisations135 spectroscopical136 spironolactones137 superannuations138 superimposition139 supernaturalism140 superovulations141 superparasitism142 superscriptions143 suppositionless144 tripersonalisms145 ultracommercial146 ultramicroscope147 unappreciations148 uncanonicalness149 uncircumcisions150 uncommunicative151 uncompassionate152 unconscientious153 unconsciousness154 uncontroversial155 unpracticalness156 unsectarianisms157 unspiritualises158 viscosimetrical12-letter wordsaccipitrines, acclimations, acclimatises, accompanists, accumulation, accumulative, accumulators, acousticians, acrocentrics, alleviations, allopurinols, allosauruses, amelioration, ameliorators, aminopterins, ammoniations, anacreontics, anilinctuses, anisotropies, anisotropism, annunciation, annunciators, anticlerical, anticolonial, anticonsumer, antieconomic, antimissiles, antinucleons, antipiracies, antirealisms, appellations, applications, appositional, appreciation, appreciators, appressorium, articulacies, assimilation, assimilative, assimilators, associations, astronomical, avitaminoses, avitaminosis, calcinations, calculations, calorimetric, calumniation, calumniators, cancelations, cancellation, canonicities, canorousness, capitularies, captiousness, carillonneur, carminatives, caterpillars, cautiousness, cavalierisms, ceratopsians, circularises, circularness, circulations, circumcircle, circumcisers, circumcision, circumstance, citronellals, citronellols, civilisation, classicistic, clavieristic, clericalisms, clericalists, climacterics, coacervation, coevolutions, coinsurances, collectivism, collimations, collocations, colonialisms, colonialists, colonialness, colonisation, colorimetric, columniation, comicalities, comminations, comminutions, commissarial, commissariat, commissaries, commissioner, commonalties, commonplaces, communalists, communicants, communicates, communicator, companionate, comparatives, compellation, compensation, compensators, compilations, complainants, complaisance, compliancies, complicacies, complication, complicities, complicitous, componential, compositions, compressions, compromisers, comptrollers, compunctions, compunctious, conceptional, concessional, conciliation, conciliative, conciliators, concinnities, concomitance, concupiscent, connectional, connoisseurs, conscription, consecration, consecrators, consecutions, conservation, conservatism, conservators, consistorial, consistories, consociation, consolations, consonancies, conspiracies, conspiration, conspirators, consumerisms, consumerists, consummation, consummative, consummators, consumptions, consumptives, conterminous, continuances, contrariness, contrivances, contumacious, contumelious, convectional, conventional, conversation, conversional, convocations, convolutions, cooperations, coprincipals, coprocessors, corporations, corporatisms, correctional, correlations, coruscations, cosmeticians, cosmopolises, cosmopolitan, cosmopolites, councilmanic, counterclaim, countercoups, counterplans, countervails, covariations, craniotomies, creationisms, crematoriums, crenulations, criminations, criticalness, culminations, cunnilinctus, cupellations, eliminations, emancipation, emancipators, emasculation, emasculators, emotionalism, enunciations, epicuticular, evaporations, evolutionism, iconoclastic, iconolatries, illuminances, illumination, illuminative, illuminators, illusionisms, illusionists, illusoriness, illuviations, immaculacies, immoralities, immortalises, imperatorial, imperialisms, imperialists, impersonator, implications, implicitness, importancies, imprecations, imprecisions, imprisonment, improvisator, impuissances, inaccuracies, inauspicious, incapacities, incarnations, incineration, incinerators, incivilities, inclinations, inconclusive, inconsonance, incorporates, incorruption, incriminates, inculcations, inculpations, incurvations, incurvatures, innervations, innovational, inoculations, inosculation, inscriptions, insemination, inseminators, insinuations, insouciances, inspirations, inspissation, inspissators, insularities, insurrection, interlaminar, intermission, internuncial, internuncios, interpluvial, intervocalic, intromission, introversion, invocational, involutional, ironicalness, irresolution, isolationism, laciniations, lacrimations, lamellicorns, laparoscopes, laparoscopic, laparotomies, leprosariums, lilliputians, lipoproteins, liposuctions, luminosities, luminousness, lusciousness, lustrousness, macronuclear, macronucleus, macropterous, malapropisms, malapropists, malocclusion, malpositions, malpractices, malversation, manipulation, manipulative, manipulators, manorialisms, manumissions, maricultures, masculinises, materialisms, meliorations, memorialists, mensurations, mercantilism, mercurations, metronomical, microcapsule, microcircuit, microclimate, microculture, micronucleus, microscopies, microscopist, microseismic, microsporous, microvillous, millenarians, millimicrons, millionaires, minicomputer, misalliances, misallocates, miscalculate, miscellanist, misconstrues, miscreations, mislocations, mispositions, mispronounce, missionaries, monasticisms, monocultural, monocultures, monometallic, mononuclears, monopolistic, motoneuronal, mucoproteins, multicourses, multimillion, multinomials, multinuclear, multipurpose, musicalities, mutinousness, narcissistic, narcoleptics, nationalises, nationalisms, neoclassical, neuroticisms, neurulations, nitrosamines, nomenclators, nominalistic, noncancerous, nonclassical, nonclassroom, nonclericals, noncollector, noncollinear, noncommunist, noncomposers, nonconscious, nonconsumers, noncorporate, noncorrosive, noncountries, noncriminals, noncrossover, noncustomers, noneconomist, nonemotional, nonempirical, noninclusion, noninsurance, nonintrusive, nonmercurial, nonmolecular, nonmunicipal, nonmusicians, nonnarrative, nonnationals, nonnormative, nonnumerical, nonparallels, nonparasitic, nonpoisonous, nonpolitical, nonpractical, nonpurposive, nonrealistic, nonruminants, nonsectarian, nonsocialist, nonsolutions, nontemporals, nonunanimous, nonuniversal, nucleoplasms, numinousness, occupational, oncornavirus, onomastician, onomatopoeia, onomatopoeic, operationism, opinionative, opportunisms, oppositional, orientalisms, oscillations, oscilloscope, osmolalities, osmolarities, osteoporosis, osteosarcoma, otosclerosis, ovariotomies, overarousals, overcautions, overcautious, overcontrols, overcritical, overoptimism, ovipositions, parallelisms, paronomastic, parsimonious, passivations, pastoralisms, pastoralness, paternalisms, percolations, perorational, personalisms, personalists, personations, perspiration, pertinacious, picornavirus, pictorialism, pilocarpines, pisciculture, planetariums, pleinairisms, pleinairists, plutocracies, pneumococcal, pneumococcus, pointillisms, polarimetric, polariscopes, polariscopic, polioviruses, pollinations, pollinosises, popularities, populational, populousness, portcullises, positroniums, possessional, postcolonial, postimperial, postulancies, postvaccinal, precisionist, preconscious, premonitions, premunitions, preparations, prepositions, prescription, presumptions, primitivisms, processional, proclamation, proclivities, proconsulate, procreations, procurations, proletarians, promontories, proportional, propositions, propranolols, proscription, proscriptive, prosecutions, proteinurias, protoplasmic, provisionals, provisioners, provocateurs, provocations, prussianises, pullulations, rapscallions, rationalises, rationalisms, rationalness, reallocation, reanimations, reapportions, reclamations, recommission, reconviction, reimposition, renomination, renovascular, renunciation, reoccupation, replications, repopulation, reprovisions, respirations, reunionistic, revaluations, revisionisms, revisionists, romanticises, romanticisms, sacculations, salutariness, salvationism, sanctimonies, sarcomatoses, sarcomatosis, sarcoplasmic, scissortails, scopolamines, scurrilities, sectarianism, sectionalism, secularistic, semicircular, semiclassics, semicolonial, semilustrous, semimonastic, semioticians, semitropical, sensorimotor, sensualistic, sericultural, sillimanites, silverpoints, silviculture, similarities, simplicities, simultaneous, slavocracies, solitariness, sonorousness, spaciousness, specialistic, speciational, spectaculars, speculations, spiculations, spiritualism, sporulations, spuriousness, successional, succinctness, summersaults, supercilious, supernations, supernatural, superplastic, superscripts, supervisions, supplication, suppositions, suppositious, suppressants, suppressions, suppurations, supraliminal, supremacists, suprematisms, surrealistic, surveillants, suspirations, susurrations, timorousness, trampoliners, transmission, transmissive, transoceanic, transpicuous, transuranics, transuranium, transversals, ultramarines, ultrarealism, ultraserious, uncensorious, uncinariases, uncinariasis, uncommercial, uncommonness, uncomplacent, uneconomical, unionisation, unitarianism, universalism, universalist, unmoralities, unnilpentium, unpropitious, unprosperous, unscriptural, uricotelisms, vaccinations, vacillations, vacuolations, vaporousness, varicosities, vasculatures, vasopressins, vasopressors, vesiculation, vincristines, vinicultures, virtuousness, viscoelastic, viscountcies, voluntarisms, voluptuaries, vulcanisates13-letter wordsaccompaniment, accountancies, accumulations, ameliorations, anisometropia, anisometropic, anisotropisms, annunciations, anomalousness, anticlericals, anticollision, anticonsumers, anticorrosion, anticorrosive, antinomianism, appreciations, aristocracies, assimilations, atrociousness, calumniations, cancellations, capaciousness, capillarities, carcinomatous, carillonneurs, cavernicolous, ceruloplasmin, circularities, circumcircles, circumcisions, circumstances, circumstellar, circumvallate, circumvention, civilisations, clamorousness, cliometrician, coacervations, coconspirator, collectivisms, collocational, colonialistic, colonisations, columniations, commercialist, commiseration, commissariats, commissioners, commonalities, communalities, communication, communicative, communicators, communitarian, compassionate, compellations, compensations, complaisances, complications, compositional, compressional, conceptualism, conciliations, concomitances, conscientious, consciousness, conscriptions, consecrations, conservations, conservatisms, consociations, conspicuities, conspirations, consultancies, consumeristic, consummations, controversial, conversations, convocational, coplanarities, corporalities, corporativism, correlational, cosmopolitans, cosmopolitism, counterclaims, criminalities, customariness, emancipations, emasculations, emotionalisms, encapsulation, evolutionisms, illuminations, illusionistic, impassivities, imperialistic, impersonation, impersonators, impressionism, impressionist, imprisonments, improvisation, improvisatore, improvisatori, improvisators, impulsivities, incarceration, incinerations, inclinational, inconsonances, inconspicuous, inconstancies, incorporation, incorporative, incorruptions, incorruptness, incrimination, incuriosities, incuriousness, innocuousness, inosculations, inscriptional, insectivorous, inseminations, inspirational, inspissations, insurrections, intercolonial, intercommunal, intermissions, intracellular, intramuscular, intrapersonal, intromissions, introversions, irrationalism, irresolutions, isolationisms, laparoscopies, laparoscopist, leptospirosis, macroeconomic, maliciousness, malocclusions, malversations, manipulations, masculinities, mercantilisms, microcapsules, microcircuits, microclimates, microclimatic, microcomputer, microcosmoses, microcultural, microcultures, microeconomic, microparticle, micropuncture, microscopical, microscopists, microvascular, millennialism, millennialist, millionairess, minicomputers, misallocation, misassumption, miscalculates, miscellanists, misconception, misconnection, misevaluation, misimpression, mispronounces, monomolecular, mononucleosis, monopsonistic, monstrousness, multimillions, muscularities, neoclassicism, neoclassicist, neoplasticism, neuroanatomic, nomenclatural, nonautonomous, noncellulosic, nonclassrooms, noncollectors, noncommercial, noncommunists, noncompliance, nonconceptual, nonconclusion, nonconcurrent, nonconsensual, noncontinuous, noncooperator, noncumulative, noneconomists, noninclusions, noninsurances, nonmainstream, nonnarratives, nonnumericals, nonparametric, nonpolitician, nonpossession, nonreciprocal, nonsocialists, nonspecialist, nonuniversals, nonvocational, nucleoplasmic, onomasticians, onomatopoeias, operationisms, oracularities, oscillational, oscilloscopes, oscilloscopic, osteosarcomas, overconscious, overoptimisms, ovipositional, papillomatous, paramountcies, particularise, particularism, percussionist, personalistic, perspicacious, perspirations, pictorialisms, pictorialness, piscicultures, plantocracies, pococurantism, postclassical, practicalness, precisionists, preconviction, prenomination, preoccupation, prepositional, prescriptions, prevarication, prevocational, processionals, proclamations, proconsulates, promiscuities, pronunciation, proportionals, propositional, proscriptions, prosecutorial, proventriculi, provincialism, provincialist, pusillanimous, rapaciousness, rapturousness, reallocations, reapplication, recalculation, reciprocation, recirculation, recommissions, recompilation, recomposition, reconvictions, recrimination, reimpositions, reincarnation, reinoculation, renominations, renunciations, reoccupations, repopulations, revaccination, salaciousness, salmonellosis, salvationisms, sanctimonious, sectarianisms, sectionalisms, semiclassical, semiconscious, semiparasitic, semipolitical, silvicultural, silvicultures, sociocultural, socioeconomic, spectroscopic, spiritualisms, spiritualness, sporopollenin, supercolossal, supercriminal, supercritical, supernational, supernaturals, superposition, superromantic, supervirtuosi, supervirtuoso, supplications, suppositional, suppositories, transmissions, transpersonal, triamcinolone, ultrarealisms, unconsciouses, unionisations, unitarianisms, universalisms, universalists, unnaturalness, unnilpentiums, unsensational, unspectacular, upperclassman, vascularities, vermiculation, vernacularism, vesiculations, vicariousness, violoncellist, viscosimetric, visionariness, vocationalism, volcanicities, voluntariness, voraciousness, vulcanicities, vulcanisation14-letter wordsaccompaniments, anisometropias, anticommercial, antinomianisms, associationism, auspiciousness, avariciousness, avuncularities, capriciousness, carcinomatoses, carcinomatosis, ceruloplasmins, circuitousness, circumlocution, circumscissile, circumspection, circumvallates, circumventions, circumvolution, classicalities, cliometricians, coconspirators, commensuration, commercialists, commiserations, commissionaire, commonsensical, communications, communitarians, compassionates, compassionless, compensational, compulsivities, conceptualisms, conservational, conservatorial, consociational, conspirational, conspiratorial, continuousness, conversational, corporativisms, cosmopolitisms, criminalistics, cunnilinctuses, encapsulations, immunosuppress, impersonations, impressionisms, impressionists, improvisations, improvisatores, inarticulacies, incarcerations, incautiousness, inconcinnities, incorporations, incriminations, insurrectional, intercommunion, intramolecular, irrationalisms, laparoscopists, lasciviousness, macroeconomics, macroevolution, macromolecular, microanatomies, microcomputers, microeconomics, microevolution, microminiature, microparticles, micropulsation, micropunctures, millenarianism, millennialisms, millennialists, miraculousness, misallocations, misapplication, misassumptions, miscalculation, misconceptions, misconnections, miscorrelation, misevaluations, misimpressions, monopropellant, monotonousness, multimolecular, multiprocessor, multiracialism, municipalities, neoclassicisms, neoclassicists, neocolonialism, neocolonialist, neoplasticisms, nomenclatorial, noncommercials, noncommunities, noncompliances, nonconclusions, nonconcurrents, nonconsumption, nonconsumptive, noncooperation, noncooperators, noncorrelation, nonimplication, nonoperational, nonpoliticians, nonreciprocals, nonsensational, nonspecialists, nonspectacular, oncornaviruses, operationalism, overpopulation, oversimplistic, oversolicitous, oversuspicious, pantisocracies, papilionaceous, papillomavirus, particularises, particularisms, percussionists, picornaviruses, pneumoconiosis, pococurantisms, postmenopausal, postmillennial, preconsonantal, preconvictions, prenominations, preoccupations, prevarications, principalities, pronunciamento, pronunciations, propitiousness, proventriculus, provincialisms, provincialists, reapplications, recalculations, reciprocations, recirculations, recompilations, recompositions, reconciliation, recriminations, reincarnations, reinoculations, retransmission, revaccinations, scrupulosities, scurrilousness, semiautonomous, sensationalism, sociopolitical, solicitousness, specialisation, sporopollenins, superannuation, supercriminals, superovulation, superpositions, superscription, supervirtuosos, supramolecular, triamcinolones, ultramasculine, ultraprecision, unappreciation, uncircumcision, unconventional, universalistic, unpopularities, uproariousness, vermiculations, vernacularisms, victoriousness, villainousness, violoncellists, vocationalisms, voluminosities, voluminousness, vulcanisations15-letter wordsacrimoniousness, aluminosilicate, anticlericalism, anticolonialism, assimilationism, associationisms, carnivorousness, circumlocutions, circumscription, circumspections, circumvallation, circumvolutions, commensurations, commercialistic, commissionaires, communicational, conspicuousness, conventionalism, cosmopolitanism, counterproposal, illustriousness, impressionistic, improvisational, improvisatorial, incommunicative, intercommunions, intercomparison, interprovincial, involuntariness, macroevolutions, microevolutions, microporosities, micropulsations, millenarianisms, misapplications, miscalculations, miscorrelations, monopropellants, mountainousness, multiprocessors, multiracialisms, neocolonialisms, neocolonialists, nonastronomical, nonconservation, nonconsumptions, noncooperations, noncorrelations, nonimplications, nonoccupational, nonprescription, nonsimultaneous, operationalisms, overapplication, overconsumption, overpopulations, postmillenarian, promiscuousness, pronunciamentos, pronunciational, provincialities, punctiliousness, pusillanimities, reconciliations, retransmissions, semicolonialism, sensationalisms, specialisations, superannuations, superimposition, supernaturalism, superovulations, superparasitism, superscriptions, ultracommercial, ultramicroscope, ultraprecisions, unappreciations, uncircumcisions, uncommunicative, uncompassionate, unconsciousness, uncontroversial16-letter wordsaluminosilicates, anticlericalisms, anticolonialisms, assimilationisms, carcinomatosises, circumscriptions, circumvallations, controversialism, conventionalisms, cosmopolitanisms, counterproposals, inauspiciousness, intercomparisons, microcirculation, micromanipulator, microvasculature, mispronunciation, multimillionaire, noncommunication, noncommunicative, nonconservations, noncontroversial, overapplications, overconsumptions, papillomaviruses, postmillenarians, semicolonialisms, superimpositions, supernaturalisms, superparasitisms, superromanticism, ultramicroscopes, ultramicroscopic17-letter wordscontroversialisms, immunosuppressant, immunosuppression, inconspicuousness, microcirculations, micromanipulation, micromanipulators, microvasculatures, mispronunciations, multimillionaires, neurotransmission, noncommunications, overcommunication, postmillennialism, sanctimoniousness, superromanticisms18-letter wordsimmunosuppressants, immunosuppressions, microencapsulation, micromanipulations, neurotransmissions, overcommunications, postmillenarianism, postmillennialisms, ultramicroscopical19-letter wordsmicroencapsulations, postmillenarianisms
What means the state of change of matter occurring in your environment naturally?
WATER CYCLEThe water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go, in and out of the atmosphere. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. In so doing, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (vapor).The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperaturechanges. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate. By transferring water from one reservoir to another, the water cycle purifies water, replenishes the land with freshwater, and transports minerals to different parts of the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through such processes as erosion and sedimentation. Finally, the water cycle figures significantly in the maintenance of life and ecosystems.Processes[edit]Many different processes lead to movements and phase changes in waterPrecipitationCondensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface . Most precipitation occurs as rain, but also includes snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, and sleet.[1] Approximately 505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year, 398,000 km3 (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans.[2] The rain on land contains 107,000 km3 (26,000 cu mi) of water per year and a snowing only 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi).[3]Canopy interceptionThe precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage, eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the ground.SnowmeltThe runoff produced by melting snow.RunoffThe variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes both surface runoff and channel runoff. As it flows, the water may seep into the ground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses.InfiltrationThe flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or groundwater.[4]Subsurface flowThe flow of water underground, in the vadose zone and aquifers. Subsurface water may return to the surface (e.g. as a spring or by being pumped) or eventually seep into the oceans. Water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than where it infiltrated, under the force of gravity or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly, and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years.EvaporationThe transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere.[5] The source of energy for evaporation is primarily solar radiation. Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants, though together they are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration. Total annual evapotranspiration amounts to approximately 505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water, 434,000 km3 (104,000 cu mi) of which evaporates from the oceans.[2]SublimationThe state change directly from solid water (snow or ice) to water vapor.[6]DepositionThis refers to changing of water vapor directly to ice.AdvectionThe movement of water - in solid, liquid, or vapor states - through the atmosphere. Without advection, water that evaporated over the oceans could not precipitate over land.[7]CondensationThe transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and fog.[8]TranspirationThe release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air. Water vapor is a gas that cannot be seen.PercolationWater flows horizontally through the soil and rocks under the influence of gravityResidence times[edit]The residence time of a reservoir within the hydrologic cycle is the average time a water molecule will spend in that reservoir . It is a measure of the average age of the water in that reservoir.Groundwater can spend over 10,000 years beneath Earth's surface before leaving. Particularly old groundwater is called fossil water. Water stored in the soil remains there very briefly, because it is spread thinly across the Earth, and is readily lost by evaporation, transpiration, stream flow, or groundwater recharge. After evaporating, the residence time in the atmosphere is about 9 days before condensing and falling to the Earth as precipitation.The major ice sheets - Antarctica and Greenland - store ice for very long periods. Ice from Antarctica has been reliably dated to 800,000 years before present, though the average residence time is shorter.[10]In hydrology, residence times can be estimated in two ways. The more common method relies on the principle of conservation of mass and assumes the amount of water in a given reservoir is roughly constant. With this method, residence times are estimated by dividing the volume of the reservoir by the rate by which water either enters or exits the reservoir. Conceptually, this is equivalent to timing how long it would take the reservoir to become filled from empty if no water were to leave (or how long it would take the reservoir to empty from full if no water were to enter).An alternative method to estimate residence times, which is gaining in popularity for dating groundwater, is the use of isotopic techniques. This is done in the subfield of isotope hydrology.States of matter in physics are the distinct forms that different phases of matter take on. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Further states are possible but do not naturally occur in our environment:Bose-Einstein condensates, neutron stars. Other states, such as quark-gluon plasmas, are believed to be possible. For a complete list of all exotic states of matter, see the list of states of matter.Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume and shape, with component particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place. Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, but as well as neutral atoms, it contains a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move around freely. Plasma is the most common form of visible matter in the universe.[1]The Four Fundamental StatesSolidA crystalline solid: atomic resolution image of strontium titanate. Brighter atoms are Sr and darker ones are Ti. Main article: SolidThe particles (ions, atoms or molecules) are packed closely together. The forces between particles are strong enough so that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change their shape by force, as when broken or cut.In crystalline solids, the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern. There are many different crystal structures, and the same substance can have more than one structure (or solid phase). For example, iron has a body-centred cubic structure at temperatures below 912 °C, and a face-centred cubic structure between 912 and 1394 °C. Ice has fifteen known crystal structures, or fifteen solid phases, which exist at various temperatures and pressures.[2]Glasses and other non-crystalline, amorphous solids without long-range order are not thermal equilibrium ground states; therefore they are described below as nonclassical states of matter.Solids can be transformed into liquids by melting, and liquids can be transformed into solids by freezing. Solids can also change directly into gases through the process of sublimation.LiquidStructure of a classical monatomic liquid. Atoms have many nearest neighbors in contact, yet no long-range order is present. Main article: LiquidA liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. The volume is definite if the temperature and pressure are constant. When a solid is heated above its melting point, it becomes liquid, given that the pressure is higher than the triple point of the substance. Intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces are still important, but the molecules have enough energy to move relative to each other and the structure is mobile. This means that the shape of a liquid is not definite but is determined by its container. The volume is usually greater than that of the corresponding solid, the most well known exception being water, H2O. The highest temperature at which a given liquid can exist is its critical temperature.[3]GasThe spaces between gas molecules are very big. Gas molecules have very weak or no bonds at all. The molecules in "gas" can move freely and fast. Main article: GasA gas is a compressible fluid. Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container.In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an ideal gas), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the molecular size. A gas has no definite shape or volume, but occupies the entire container in which it is confined. A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating at constant pressure to the boiling point, or else by reducing the pressure at constant temperature.At temperatures below its critical temperature, a gas is also called a vapor, and can be liquefied by compression alone without cooling. A vapor can exist in equilibrium with a liquid (or solid), in which case the gas pressure equals the vapor pressure of the liquid (or solid).A supercritical fluid (SCF) is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and critical pressure respectively. In this state, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears. A supercritical fluid has the physical properties of a gas, but its high density confers solvent properties in some cases, which leads to useful applications. For example, supercritical carbon dioxide is used toextract caffeine in the manufacture of decaffeinated coffee.[4]PlasmaIn a plasma, electrons are ripped away from their nuclei, forming an electron "sea". This gives it the ability to conduct electricity.Main article: Plasma (physics)Like a gas, plasma does not have definite shape or volume. Unlike gases, plasmas are electrically conductive, produce magnetic fields and electric currents, and respond strongly to electromagnetic forces. Positively charged nuclei swim in a "sea" of freely-moving disassociated electrons, similar to the way such charges exist in conductive metal. In fact it is this electron "sea" that allows matter in the plasma state to conduct electricity.The plasma state is often misunderstood, but it is actually quite common on Earth, and the majority of people observe it on a regular basis without even realizing it. Lightning, electric sparks, fluorescent lights, neon lights, plasma televisions, and the Sun are all examples of illuminated matter in the plasma state.A gas is usually converted to a plasma in one of two ways, either from a huge voltage difference between two points, or by exposing it to extremely high temperatures.When a gas is heated to extremely high temperatures, such as during nuclear fusion, electrons begin to leave the atoms, resulting in the presence of free electrons. At very high temperatures, such as those present in stars, it is assumed that essentially all electrons are "free," and that a very high-energy plasma is essentially bare nuclei swimming in a sea of electrons.Bose-Einstein condensateVelocity in a gas of rubidium as it is cooled: the starting material is on the left, and Bose-Einstein condensate is on the right. In 1924, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose predicted the "Bose-Einstein condensate" (BEC), sometimes referred to as the fifth state of matter. In a BEC, matter stops behaving as independent particles, and collapses into a single quantum state that can be described with a single, uniform wavefunction.In the gas phase, the Bose-Einstein condensate remained an unverified theoretical prediction for many years. In 1995, the research groups of Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman, of JILA at the University of Colorado at Boulder, produced the first such condensate experimentally. A Bose-Einstein condensate is "colder" than a solid. It may occur when atoms have very similar (or the same) quantum levels, at temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C).This diagram illustrates transitions between the four fundamental states of matter.A state of matter is also characterized by phase transitions. A phase transition indicates a change in structure and can be recognized by an abrupt change in properties. A distinct state of matter can be defined as any set of states distinguished from any other set of states by a phase transition. Water can be said to have several distinct solid states.[5] The appearance of superconductivity is associated with a phase transition, so there are superconductive states. Likewise, ferromagnetic states are demarcated by phase transitions and have distinctive properties. When the change of state occurs in stages the intermediate steps are called mesophases. Such phases have been exploited by the introduction of liquid crystal technology. [6][7]The state or phase of a given set of matter can change depending on pressure and temperature conditions, transitioning to other phases as these conditions change to favor their existence; for example, solid transitions to liquid with an increase in temperature. Near absolute zero, a substance exists as a solid. As heat is added to this substance it melts into a liquid at its melting point, boils into a gas at its boiling point, and if heated high enough would enter a plasma state in which theelectrons are so energized that they leave their parent atoms.Forms of matter that are not composed of molecules and are organized by different forces can also be considered different states of matter. Superfluids (like Fermionic condensate) and the quark-gluon plasma are examples.In a chemical equation, the state of matter of the chemicals may be shown as (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, and (g) for gas. An aqueous solution is denoted (aq). Matter in the plasma state is seldom used (if at all) in chemical equations, so there is no standard symbol to denote it.Melting of iceThe enthalpy of fusion or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpyresulting from heatinga given quantity of a substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid. The temperatureat which this occurs is the melting point.The 'enthalpy' of fusion is a latent heat, because during melting the introduction of heat cannot be observed as a temperature change, as the temperature remains constant during the process. The latent heat of fusion is the enthalpy change of any amount of substance when it melts. When the heat of fusion is referenced to a unit of mass, it is usually called the specific heat of fusion, while the molar heat of fusion refers to the enthalpy change per amount of substance in moles.The liquid phase has a higher internal energy than the solid phase. This means energy must be supplied to a solid in order to melt it and energy is released from a liquid when it freezes, because the molecules in the liquid experience weaker intermolecular forces and have a larger potential energy.When liquid water is cooled, its temperature falls steadily until it drops just below the freezing point at 0 °C. The temperature then remains constant at the freezing point while the water crystallizes. Once the water is completely frozen, its temperature continues to fall.The enthalpy of fusion is almost always a positive quantity; helium is the only known exception.[1] Helium-3has a negative enthalpy of fusion at temperatures below 0.3 K. Helium-4 also has a very slightly negative enthalpy of fusion below 0.8 K. This means that, at appropriate constant pressures, these substances freeze with the addition of heat.[2]
