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Active immunity can be natural or artificially developed.
Naturally acquired - a person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops an immune response - and then creates memory T and B cells.
Artifically acquired - a person is given a vaccine (which contains the antigen). This stimulates the same response, without the symptoms of the disease.
Once you have had the flu or the vaccination, you will have lifetime immunity to the EXACT same type of flu. But since the flu virus can mutate very quickly into a new form of virus, if the one you had or were vaccinated for mutates to enough of a different form, it will no longer be recognized by your immune system as the same one, and then you would need another immunization to be fully protected from it and any other new versions of the same flu. Often, however, the mutation is a small enough change that your body can recognize it and still offer you protection from the prior vaccine or bout of the flu.
varies with type of disease. if produced by vaccination also varies with quality of vaccine used.