Ovulation occurs about two weeks after your period, so since most women are on a one month (or 28-day cycle) your egg would drop two weeks before your period also. Of course, it varies from person to person and stress/health factors are involved, but that's the standard amount of time.
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Ovulation occurs about halfway in between two periods. So if you start counting your cycle on the day your period ends, you would start to ovulate around day 14 and start your period around day 28. Ovulation generally lasts a few days.
Its basically when you're uterus opens up, preparing you're body to be impregnated (if you have sex around that time) or start you're menstrual flow. it usually happens for a week or a couple of days and hurts a bit to, like you're having cramps (for some).
Ovulation is part of your menstrual cycle, the term 'menstrual cycle' refers to your entire reproductive cycle - I think you mean before or after menstruation. Ovulation usually occurs two weeks before menstruation, but as it's a CYCLE it will occur after menstruation too.
The egg is released from the ovary almost exactly between periods (about 2 weeks after the last and before the next).