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Not necessarily. Simply put, a low TI indicates that the dose that causes a beneficial effect is "close" to the dose that causes unacceptable toxicity or lethality. A drug with a large or wide TI means that the dose that causes the beneficial effect is far lower than the dose that causes toxicity or lethality.
If a drug has a TI of 2, then the drug dose that causes toxicity is twice that which causes the benefit. So a mistake of taking 2 pills instead of 1 can be disastrous. If a drug has a therapeutic index of 13, then the dose expected to cause toxicity is 13x that which causes the toxic effects, and is pretty safe.
To compare effectiveness of a drug, you have to compare drug efficacy and TI. For a large TI drug, sometimes you just need to increase the dose. In the example above where TI=13, you could increase the dose 6 0r 7 times and you may not see an increase in toxic effects.
What else can I help you with?
What are the common therapeutic doses of drugs?
You must include some drugs. There are many more than we can list here. A handbook of drugs is where to look.
What is an acceptable therapeutic index for approval by the FDA?
The FDA should publish Therapeutic index (TI) values for all drugs but they do not. Therefore it is not possible to know what the FDA considers acceptable. The therapeutic index (toxic dose/effective dose) should not be less than 1 because a drug should have beneficial actions at the same or lower plasma concentrations that cause toxicity. However, cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer, by definition are toxic in order to do their beneficial action of killing rapidly dividing cells. Therefore a therapeutic index of 1 is not unusual for a chemotherapy drug. Most drugs have a therapeutic index of 2 or higher. A TI of 2 is a dangerous drug and the patient must be watched carefully for signs of toxicity. Drugs with a TI of 5 or 10 are safer drugs. Some drugs with great selectivity and minimal toxicity have TIs of 50 to 100. These can be given as on large dose that will continue to work well for several days but drugs that can be used this way are unusual, like a few of the antibiotics that kill prokaryotic bacteria but have little or no effect on eukaryotic human cells. The most serious problem we are facing in medicine today is the use of many drugs together (polypharmacy) that make any drug with a low therapeutic index far more danger. Interactions that raise plasma concentrations of low TI drugs can be lethal even if the drug interaction is a C or D level interaction and not the X level drug interactions that are typically monitored. Far too many people die or are seriously harmed due to drug interactions with drugs having low therapeutic indices of approximately 2. We need to get the FDA to publish all of the TI values. The drug database companies would like to publish these numbers to improve patient safety. Without TI values, electronic record and CPOE systems are not reducing patient deaths or lower health care costs.
What kinds of drugs cannot be formulated into a sustained release dosage form?
Usually, drugs with these properties should not be formulated into a sustained release dosage form: - Drugs with a half life shorter than 2 hours - Drugs with a half life longer than 5 hours - Drugs with a short half life but a long duration of action - Drugs which have a poor absorption - Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index - Drugs weighing more than 1g - Drugs with a solubility lower than 0.1mg/mL - Drugs with a very low partition coefficient
Why would pharmaceutical companies manufacture single-enantiomer drugs?
Pharmaceutical companies manufacture single-enantiomer drugs to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects. Enantiomers can have different biological activities, so isolating the more effective form can improve patient outcomes. Additionally, single-enantiomer drugs may lead to better regulatory approval and market differentiation, as well as potentially lower dosage requirements, which can be more cost-effective for both patients and healthcare systems.
What are some kinds of drugs listed in the orange book?
The US Food and Drug Administration's "Approved Drugs with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations" list, better known simply as The Orange Book, is a list of 'equivalent' medications that have been approved for use. Essentially the list contains a number of drugs that are considered 'generic' or 'alternative' and can be safely used in place of a (generally much more expensive) name brand prescription medication.
When does therapeutic incompatibility exist?
Therapeutic incompatibility exists when two or more medications or treatments interact in a way that diminishes the therapeutic effect of one or more of the agents, or when the combination leads to increased toxicity or adverse effects. This can occur due to pharmacokinetic factors, such as altered absorption, metabolism, or excretion, or pharmacodynamic factors, where the actions of the drugs counteract or amplify each other. Recognizing and managing therapeutic incompatibility is essential for optimizing patient safety and treatment efficacy.
How effective is the transdermal bath in delivering medication through the skin for therapeutic purposes?
The transdermal bath is effective in delivering medication through the skin for therapeutic purposes. The warm water helps to open up the pores, allowing the medication to be absorbed more easily. This method can be particularly beneficial for pain relief and relaxation.
What is analog resistant mutant?
An analog-resistant mutant is a variant of an organism, typically a pathogen, that has developed mutations allowing it to survive and grow in the presence of specific drugs or compounds that normally inhibit or kill sensitive strains. These mutants often arise through genetic changes that alter the target sites of these drugs, rendering them ineffective. Studying these mutants is crucial for understanding resistance mechanisms and developing more effective therapeutic strategies.
Which drug is more effective in lack of sleep?
Ambien, Lunesta and Rozerem are three common, effective drugs that are used by those suffering from a lack of sleep, or insomnia. These drugs are only available by prescription. An over-the-counter drug that may help with insomnia is melatonin.
What they test on animals?
Mostly they test cosmetics and drugs, even though other ways have been proven more effective
What Types of medicines will need to be taken more frequently to ensure its blood concentration falls within the therapeutic range?
Medications with a narrow therapeutic index, such as warfarin, lithium, and certain anticonvulsants (like phenytoin or carbamazepine), often require more frequent dosing to maintain their blood concentrations within the therapeutic range. Additionally, short-acting medications or those with rapid clearance rates may necessitate more frequent administration to prevent subtherapeutic levels. Regular monitoring and dose adjustments are crucial for these medications to ensure efficacy and safety.
What could affect death rate?
More information, more education, more govern plans on health, More directions on how to use wisely Internet, effective control on illegal and legal drugs.
