ER golgi vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Radioactive nucleotide
DNA polymerase
To create radioactively labeled DNA, the molecule that must be labeled is a nucleotide. Specifically, one of the nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) can be modified to include a radioactive isotope, such as phosphorus-32 or tritium. When these labeled nucleotides are incorporated into a DNA strand during replication or synthesis, the entire DNA molecule becomes radioactively labeled. This technique is often used in molecular biology for various applications, including tracking DNA synthesis and conducting hybridization experiments.
Scintillation counter
scintillation counter. APEX
Geiger Counter
The DNA separated into two classes: labeled DNA and unlabeled DNA. The labeled DNA contains the radioactively labeled nucleotides that were incorporated during DNA replication, while the unlabeled DNA represents the original, non-radioactively labeled DNA from the bacteria. The centrifugation process separated the DNA based on density, with the heavier labeled DNA migrating to a higher position in the centrifuge tube compared to the unlabeled DNA.
proteins and RNA, as sulfur is commonly found in cysteine and methionine amino acids, which are building blocks of proteins. Additionally, sulfur is present in RNA molecules in the form of thiol groups and nucleotides like thymine.
Study the inheritance of traits that are not seen as a phenotype
Radioactively tagged bacteriophages are used to confirm that DNA, not protein, is injected into host cells during infection. The radioactively labeled DNA can be detected inside the host cells after infection, providing evidence that DNA is the genetic material transferred by the bacteriophages. This experiment was crucial in establishing DNA as the genetic material in organisms.
the key finding was that DNA, labeled with radioactive phosphorus, was the material that entered the bacterial cells during viral infection and was ultimately responsible for the transmission of genetic information, rather than the proteins also present in the viral coat.
The reaction that is commonly used to radioactively label DNA is the nick translation method, where a DNA molecule is treated with a DNA polymerase, dNTPs (including radioactive ones), and a DNAase to create radioactive labeled DNA fragments.