In the story The Red Headed League Sherlock Holmes has been told the remarkable story of the League and done some initial research.
Back at Baker Street, he needs time to think hard about the mystery and says to Watson, "It is quite a three pipe problem, and I beg that you won't speak to me for fifty minutes."
In other words, he needs the time it takes to smoke three pipes in order to solve the mystery.
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Sherlock Holmes has an estimated IQ of around 190 In a book called The Intelligence of Sherlock Holmes and other Three-pipe Problems, John Radford attempts to calculate Sherlocks’s IQ by using three different methods. He concluded that his IQ is 190.
A pipe for sure
He smoked a pipe and used fine Virginia tobacco.
Sherlock Holmes did indeed. Sher standed for Sure and Lock because he solved cases so if you put it together he was sure to solve and unlock the case. And Holmes because he is very comforting as a home is to anyone.
If you're referring to the scene where Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson have just arrived at Watson's wedding, he's smoking a 10 inch Dunhill Shell Churchwarden Pipe.