It's called the Mini Mushroom.
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That would be the 1-up mushroom.
The mushroom power ups are called super mushrooms. The mushroom people are called toads.
Mushroom, Invincibility (looks like a star), 1up mushroom (gives you an extra life), fire flower (let's you use fireballs), mini mushroom (shrinks mario/luigi), mega mushroom (makes mario/luigi grow to a huge amount), and blue shell.
Goomba
The green mushroom on the Super Mario Bros game is a 1-up mushroom. This mushroom gives an extra life to Mario. These mushrooms are rare to find in the game.