It truly depends on your offence towards the server.
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Global ban on Minecraft is when you get banned from Minecraft Multiplayer.
You will on most multiplayer servers, but not from Minecraft itself.
It depends on the server. Some people ban you for a longer amount of time than others. Improved: When you try to join a server and it says "You have been temp-banned for (time)" You will be unbanned after that period of time. But if it says "You have been banned from this server." Your are banned for life.
Yes.
You can't get banned from your account, but if you get banned from a server, try appealing on the website of the server. If they refuse your appeal, then you shouldn't have been bad in the first place. Find another server.