As of update 1.8, health regenerates if the Food bar is above 18 (9 shanks) on Easy, Normal, and Hard difficulties.
On Peaceful, health regenerates over time no matter what the Food bar is at.
Health can also be regenerated by eating a Golden Apple(5 seconds of effect) or Enchanted Golden Apple (Faster regeneration for 30 seconds).
Before update 1.8, hearts can be regained by eating. Some foods regenerate more than others.
On Peaceful, hearts regenerate on their own.
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A pig has 10 health points, which means five hearts.
The wither has 300 hearts however the ender dragon can regen health but only has 200 hearts.
You have 10 hearts with 2 health per heart, meaning a maximum health of 20
The ender dragon has 100 hearts of health.
A spider in minecraft is a mob, It has 16 hearts meaning it is the hostile mob with the least health. There are 2x2 blocks wide and one block tall. It is only hostile at night except for when in caves.