First of all, you cannot feed a dog bones. You can feed a wolf bones to tame it. You put it in your hands, look at it then left click. You feed a dog raw or cooked meat to heal it. Same way. You put it in your hands, look at it then left click.
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Hold a peice of pork or other meat (doesn't matter if it's cooked or not), and rightclick on your dog,
feed a bone to a wolf you might need to give it more than one and you get bones from skeletons unless you are in creative mode
Tame them with bones by right clicking them.
Yes, there are dogs in Minecraft. They are the tamed version of wolves (who are tamed using bones).
No. You can only tame a wolf with bones.