For HD texture packs (over 16x16 in resolution), you have to use either MCPatcher or OptiFine in order for the textures to work and animate correctly.
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no because that's a map and you need Minecraft to install it in your Mincraft
Yup.
In a sense, yes, but in another sense, no. You do not need to install Minecraft to play it on a computer, you can simply run it in your internet browser on Minecraft.net. However, if you want to run Minecraft without an internet connection, or without visiting Minecraft.net, you must install Minecraft on your computer. You can install Minecraft on multiple computers under the same account, but your saved worlds will not sync between computers.
It is illegal to play Minecraft without an activated premium account, and WikiAnswers will not provide guidance for illegal actions.
If you download and install a modded launcher such as Technic Launcher you might be able to find a modpack that includes Minecraft Comes Alive. Other than that there isn't any way.