Once Alice gets some pieces of the mushroom, she is, for the first time in the story, able to control her size. This makes her much less helpless as she explores Wonderland and gives her more stability and security in her peculiar surroundings. It is also arguable that, as a result of her gaining some control, that she also gains in confidence and is more able to assert herself against the annoyances and absurdities which she encounters.
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Yes, Alice eats a mushroom in "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". She consumes pieces of a mushroom to change her size. The mushroom causes her to grow extremely tall and then shrink down to a very small size.