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A scientist who studies language is known as a Linguist. Linguists may specialize in some sub-area of linguistic structure, which can be arranged in the following terms, from form to meaning: * Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of speech (or signed) production and perception * Phonology, the study of sounds (adjusted appropriately for signed languages) as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning * Morphology, the study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified * Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences * Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences * Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts * Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed)

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