The reason why Thorin didn't want the elvenking to know about their quest is because the wood-land elves are selfish and love gold, the dwarves are trying to get their gold back, but if the elves find out, they will want to help them, but get some of their treasure!
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he knows that if he tells the elvenking their mission, he would want a portion of the treasure
it was stolen by the dragon smaug( i dont know if i spelled it right) because they liked to steal gold and now thorin wants it back
Because he knew that all of Laketown was going to be anxious for Thorin and the Company to kill the dragon and then share the wealth with them. They gave him weapons and food and supplies to kill the smaug.
Yes, you didnt know that?
well