It was the Battle of Five Armies. The armies were the humans, elves and dwarves against the wargs and the goblins.
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Tweens, as the hobbits called the irresponsible twenties between childhood and coming of age at thirty-three.
There is no one called 'Tookish'. 'Took' is a Hobbit family/clan name, a clan known for being more adventurous than others. To be called 'Tookish' it generally means that a Hobbit is descended from Tooks (ie, Bilbo Baggins, from his mother Belladonna Took) and feeling the call of adventure.
Beorn
The name is of German oragin and means "gray battle".
The world of J.R.R. Tolkien in which his books The Hobbitand The Lord of the Rings are set is called Arda. Middle-earth is actually a continent in Arda, but the name has been used to refer to the whole fictional world. (IIRC, the world is not given a name in the actual Hobbit book itself, since Tolkien only integrated the Hobbit into his older Middle-earth world after he has already written it.)