Dale was a town on the southern slopes of the Lonely Mountain. It was destroyed when the dragon Smaug arrived in the region, and its inhabitants built a new town called Esgaroth which was suspended above the waters of Long Lake on pilings. After Smaug died, Bard Bowman rebuilt Dale and ruled there.
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It is a group of Men, Northmen, who settle on the Long Lake. Descendants of Dale also reside there.
Thror was King Under the Mountain, in other words, king of the dwarf stronghold in what is, in the time of the Hobbit, called the Lonely Mountain. Thror was king at the time when Smaug came and drove out the dwarves, killing Thror and his son, Thrain II.
A hobbit barrow is referred to as a 'smail.'
Lake Town was the name of the village that existed at the time of the Hobbit. It was destroyed by Smaug when he was awakened by Bilbo. The down that lay at the foot of the mountain that was destroyed previously was called Dale.
The dwarfs resettled the lonely mountain (Erebor) and made it their capital, they forged a strong alliance with the men of Dale (who had helped kill Smaug).