He showed them that thorins grandfather had a pairof earings
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Lady Lorien saw the dwarfs and bilbo leaving, Gandalf knew that they thought he would slow them down so they left without him. Lady Lorien was referring to the fact that the dwarfs wanted to leave without gandalf.
Gandalf made sure to make the dwarfs think that their voice is one and the same with his.
They don't, really. But they are determined, and that certainly counts for something.
When? At the beginning, Gandalf the Grey chats to Bilbo saying he is looking for someone to go on an adventure. Bilbo, being timid at the start, is a little rude to Gandalf, but invites him to afternoon tea. Gandalf laughs and with his staff marks the front door "burglar for hire, etc". Later a knock on the door and after a while 13 dwarfs and Gandalf are in Bilbo's Bag End residence: Dwalin, Balin, Fili, Kili, Gloin, Oin, Ori, Nori, Dori, Bifur, Bofur, Bombur, and Thorin Oakenshield. During the adventure Bilbo is separated numerous times from the dwarfs, and aids them in their escapades with his new found confidence and bravery and his magical ring.
The reader knows that the caves aren't going to be safe from context clues; first, Gandalf cites that caves are seldom unoccupied second, the dwarfs sent ahead to check things out weren't very observant and scouted the area far too quickly (Fili and Kili).