An accidental is an added flat, sharp or natural to the key signature used in a piece of music. They are used when a composer slightly changes keys. Accidentals also occur when embelishing / ornamenting the melody. Basically, accidentals are for what ever notes the composer wants to use besides those in his main key - hence the key signature, which indicates which notes are always sharped or flatted, giving the composer a choice of how high or low she/he wants the song to be.
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The music from a movie is called the sound track.
This is called secular music.
it's called a beat
It's called sheet music.
In opera it would be called an overture. Overtures are routinely made up of a selection of the music that makes up the opera. In other pieces of music it might simply be called an introduction.