the proximity of the earth, moon, and sun. The moon reflects the light of the sun, but it can't do that if it's in the earth's shadow, or partly in the earth's shadow.
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the process that causes the moon to appear at these different phases of earthlings
The moon is only visible because of the sun's light, which is why the moon appears to glow. When there is a half moon, only half of the moon is reflecting off the sun's light. It all has to do with the angle of the moon, the sun, and the Earth, which is why the moon has so many different phases.
There are two separate things that need to be addressed. One is the surface area of the Moon. The other is the surface area of the NEAR SIDE of the Moon. As a sphere in space, the Moon is always 50% illuminated, except during lunar eclipses. The phases of the Moon measure what percentage of the NEAR SIDE of the Moon is illuminated. At the new moon, none of the near side is lit up; at the full moon, 100% of the near side is illuminated.
Right now (December 11, 2009) the moon is in the last stage of the phases leading to New Moon.It was full 10 or 11 days ago, and the next New Moon takes place during the coming week.
Humorous Phases of Funny Faces - 1906 was released on: USA: 6 April 1906