It is uncertain whether or not he did die, and in fact his absence suggests that he might have. However, it is mentioned in one of the earlier books, Amulet of Samarkand I think, that sometimes a spirit who has been imprisoned for a long period will grant a favor or favors to the individual that freed him. Under this rule, there is a possibility that the two that were in the staff may have protected or spared Nathaniel in gratitude. But then again, they could've been some of the more ill-spirited types and could've killed him. Up to the reader to decide I suppose.
Nathaniel Spence died in 1914.
Nathaniel Allison Murray died in 1959.
Nathaniel Alexander - bishop - died in 1840.
Nathaniel Fillmore died on 1863-03-28.
Nathaniel Gottfried Leske died in 1786.
*SPOILER ALERT* *SPOILER ALERT* *SPOILER ALERT* SCROLL DOWN He sacrifices himself to save Bart and kill Nouda
Oh, dude, spoiler alert! Yeah, Nathaniel totally bites the dust in "Ptolemy's Gate." Like, he sacrifices himself to save Kitty and Bartimaeus. It's a real tear-jerker, man. But hey, that's the price you pay for dabbling in magic and power, am I right?
Nathaniel Heckford died in 1871.
Nathaniel Boileau died in 1850.
Nathaniel Rochester died in 1831.
Nathaniel Allen died in 1832.
Nathaniel Foy died in 1707.
Nathaniel Gow died in 1831.
Nathaniel Lee died in 1692.
Nathaniel Hughson died in 1837.
Nathaniel Peabody died in 1823.
Nathaniel Woodhull died in 1776.