It has to do with the design of the bolts. The reason that head of the bolt is oval in shape. The head of a bolt fit flush into the bar and set in opposing sets is so that a piece of dragging equipment will not shear off all the bolts in a joint but rather the just the nuts one side. As a result if the hole is not oval on one side there would be no way to tighten or loose the bolts in a joint.
Second Answer: They would be oval shapes so when contraction or expansion happens they wont snap.
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No. Stainless Steel will resist contamination from the aluminum when they are used together.
Pitting is when there are small holes starting to appear in steel often caused by corrosion/rust
Steel is suitable for the rails, as it's hard enough to let steel wheels roll on it with minimum resistance, yet tough enough not to shatter. Sleepers doesn't have to be wood, they can be med of concrete as well. But before concrete, wood was a good choice. Strong enough, inexpensive enough and easy enough to work with.
Usually by bolting or welding them.
Yes and no. They leave the steel casing in the hole, and usually fill it with lean cement.