Yes, you would use step down transformer.
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Watts is the big question. Small equipment 12 volts is fine but as the demand or wattage increases 120 volts is better because the amps are less and the cable size is smaller to handle the ampacity.
120 volts is ten times bigger than 12 volts.
As they are both voltages, we could say they are "the same" but only in the sense that "they are both of the same species". It is similar to saying: "A huge bull elephant is the same as a baby elephant.".
But it is not much help to say that kind of thing if what you are trying to do is understand how voltages - and elephants - behave!
If you connect a 1.5 volt device to a 12 volt power supply it will burn out in a short time. Vice- versa will not be successful either.
No. You need 12 volt AC to run a 12 volt AC motor, not 12 volt DC.
12 volt
It can be done with 90% efficiency.
no
Generally, there will be a 12+ volt rail, a 5+ volt rail and often a 3+ volt rail.