A diode is an electronic component that will only allow current to flow through it in one direction. It is analogous to the valve in a bicycle tyre, which only lets air in but not out (except when you press the release tab). So if you connect a diode in a simple DC circuit one way around, the circuit will be closed and any devices on the circuit will work. If you connect it the other way around the circuit is open and no current will flow.
I presume by 'ordinary diode' you mean a diode that is not a light emitting diode (LED). A LED is just a diode that emits light when current flows through it. Its purpose is to make light. A non-LED diode doesn't emit light. Its purpose is to allow current through a circuit in only one direction.
A common use for ordinary diodes is in "rectifying circuits" which convert AC to DC.There are many other uses though.
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the High voltage rated diodes are power diodes while of low rating or normal voltage rating are considered to as ordinary / normal diode
The IN5408 diode is an ordinary silicon diode. It has a 3 amp forward current rating, and a 1000 volt peak reverse voltage rating.
Unless the LED is a dual color LED, its reverse characteristics are similar to an ordinary diode.
A photodiode is a type of photodetector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. Its characteristics is same as that of an ordinary diode, except that it depends on light.
There are two diode ratings. One is the forward current rating, and the other is the reverse breakdown voltage rating. The forward current rating is the maximum current that the diode can conduct before failing, and the reverse breakdown voltage rating is the maximum reverse voltage that can be applied before failing. Of course, the reverse voltage rating has a different meaning in a zener diode, but this answer applies to ordinary diodes.