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These are dedicated lines used to coordinate data transfer. They are used to signal ready/not ready, or to acknowledge or request. This back and forth handshaking is needed in async comms to avoid sending data until the receiver is ready for it.

The MPU and peripherals operate at different speeds, the MPU being faster than the peripherals(like printers and data converters). To avoid overlapping of data during data input (by preventing MPU reading same data twice before i/p peripheral writes next data) or data output (by preventing MPU from writing over the data before o/p device has had a chance to accept it), handshake signals are used between MPU & the peripherals. These signals are generally provided by programmable devices.

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Q: What are handshaking signals?
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