These are dedicated lines used to coordinate data transfer. They are used to signal ready/not ready, or to acknowledge or request. This back and forth handshaking is needed in async comms to avoid sending data until the receiver is ready for it.
The MPU and peripherals operate at different speeds, the MPU being faster than the peripherals(like printers and data converters). To avoid overlapping of data during data input (by preventing MPU reading same data twice before i/p peripheral writes next data) or data output (by preventing MPU from writing over the data before o/p device has had a chance to accept it), handshake signals are used between MPU & the peripherals. These signals are generally provided by programmable devices.
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FDM stnds for frequency division multiplexing and it is used only in case of analog signals because analog signals are continuous in nature and the signal have frequency. TDM-stands for time division multiplexing and it is used only in case of digital signals because digital signals are discrete in nature and are in the form of 0 and 1s. and are time dependent.
An Electronic Device
it is an DAC (Digital to analogue converter
In in- bandsignalling , the control and management signals travles along with the data signals where as in out of band signalling the data and control signals travels in different channels
I have two Different Signals, I would like to find the RMS Error Between them, and Mathematically derive how the signals differ from each other. I would like to find the RMS Error for the two Signals. Please Help. Thanks in Advance.