There are basically two methods, firstly you could use a very strong form of adhesive, but for obvious reasons this is not recommended, secondly, fasteners are generally used like bolts or another piece of metal strapping the wood that gets bolted on. Keep in mind that wood absorbs moisture and metal rusts, so make sure you seal both materials well.
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With a span of only 8" you can probably use a wood beam, but without a set of plans no one can accurately answer your question.
the main advantage of flitch beam is to strengthen the beam and decrease the deflection (∆) in the beam by decreasing elasticity (E) because the elasticity of steel is much bigger than a wood beam. their ratio is about 15 to 20 (n=15 to 20).
Depends on the material the I-beam is made out of. Steel? Is it a wood I-joist? And I-beams come in different "flavors" as regards the geometry and cross section of the web. Variables in a question make for a variable answer.
A laminated beam is a beam that is made of thin layers of a material (Called lamina). An example is glulam beams, which are thin layers of wood glued together to make a large beam.
Guidelines are; 1. Staggered 2. Uniform