I assume that you are enquiring about a 'micrometer', the precision measuring instrument, as opposed to a 'micrometre' (to use the British spelling), which is an SI unit for distance? I guess this sums up the problem with the US spelling!
A micrometer has no particular disadvantages -it does exactly what it is designed to do. I suppose you could say that you have to be taught how to read a micrometer is a 'disadvantage', but this is true for most analogue instruments. However, there are digital micrometers which overcome this difficulty.
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The advantages of using micrometers are that components can be measured very precisely to withing 0,01mm or sometimes 0.005mm depending on the type of metric micrometer. Imperial micrometers can measure to within 0.0001in. This can not be 100% accurately achieved with vernier or dial calipers in most cases.
Many types and varieties of micrometers are available today for measuring almost any machined surface: Outside Diameters, Inside Diameters, Plate, Threads, etc.
Yes. An inside micrometer or bore micrometer can be used for measuring the bore of a machined cylinder.
An imperial micrometer can measure to within 0.001in (1000th of an inch).
The eight (not seven) main parts of an outside micrometer are:FrameBarrelThimbleSpindleAnvilRatchetLockScrew
A digital micrometer is the easiest to read as it displays the exact reading on a screen.
A micrometer is used to measure very small distances.