gunn diode is transfered electron device & PIN diode is semiconductor device
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The 2N5777 is a Darlington silicon NPN photo detector, or, if you prefer a photoDarlington. A link is provided to a bit of data on this device.
Two types used at microwave frequencies are gunn and PIN diodes.
You can use most diodes for that purpose, and particularly silicon diodes. However, you should not use zener diodes and similar for rectification purposes. Otherwise, you will likely not get the intended result. If the voltage exceeds the avalanche voltage, then the zener diode will no longer rectify, but conduct the other way as well.
Answer: First you have to find the Base, with your millimeter set to diodes play around with the probes between the three pins until you get a reading between one pin to both the other two pins that pin will be your Base, if your red probe is on that pin then it is a NPN transistor, if it is the black probe then it is a PNP, there will be a slight difference in the reading, the pin with the smallest reading will be the Collector and the larger is the Emitter
There is no formal adc input on the 8051. However, the CMOS version of the chip can use a technique involving a resistor, diode, and capacitor, along with a bidirectional pin (or one output pin and one input pin) to implement a "quick and dirty" adc function. You discharge the capacitor and then let it charge to the voltage of the input. You measure the time it takes to see the input pin change, and you calculate the input voltage.