The current flowing through a circuit is equal to voltage divided by resistance:
I = U / R, and therefore R = U / I.
With your given data, R will be 24 Ohms.
It is helpful to remember following figure:
U
I R
If you ever want to calculate one of those values, cover it with your finger, and the rest will look like an equation. For example, when looking for I, cover I and the rest of figure gives you U over R.
If you double the voltage in a circuit, the power is quadrupled, assuming the resistance stays the same.
You can have current without resistance. You would just have zero voltage drop across that zero resistance.However, the question is very interesting, because if you really had zero resistance in the entire circuit, it would be impossible to have any voltage at all without generating an infinite current, so the answer in the theoretical case is no, you can have no current, nor voltage, if there is no resistance at any point in the circuit.
Since a short circuit is, essentially, a zero impedance connection between nodes, the current in a short circuit is limited only by the ability of the source. In the case of an ideal voltage source connected to an ideal short circuit, you would have infinite amperes.
That will depend on the internal resistance of the battery. I = E / R Where I is the current, E is the open circuit battery voltage, and R is the internal resistance of the battery.
Simply put, the purpose of a resistor is to 'resist' the flow of current. Ohm's Law tells us that for a given voltage, the larger the resistance, or value of that resistor, the lower the current that will flow. Ohm's Law states that I (current) = E (voltage) / R (resistance) - where current is measured in amps, voltage is measured in volts and resistance is measured in ohms.